3 O. p* i! _, e8 g. R5 P% QTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 7 V! X! B. v: L% E3 d, y. T+ uTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb7 M) ?( I2 Q" Z ^* n
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+ m9 G$ f, f7 u. a2 N: ]TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 圖片來源: 美國之音張楠 ) c/ s5 ?# F6 w" B公仔箱論壇中共建黨 ( ~ U. v1 U" V ~. \www2.tvboxnow.com : T# }2 y" @- W, w- H0 r5 M
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There is little question that the Chinese Communist Party has come a long way since it was founded 90 years ago by 12 delegates representing roughly 50 members. www2.tvboxnow.com1 i. i6 V# l- q
( F! Q3 Q r b$ L0 n 4 b5 v- q' R4 ~" }0 Hwww2.tvboxnow.comYet however insignificant it may have seemed back then, there was no question about its ideology, identity and mission. Inspired by utopian Marxism, the party represented China’s idealist leftists, nationalists and the downtrodden. Its mission was to end social injustice and Western colonialism. 5 D8 y. U" A% R8 p公仔箱論壇 0 l* Y/ F+ C7 T公仔箱論壇 " `4 b1 b3 W5 c! h9 R0 I" atvb now,tvbnow,bttvbToday the party is a political behemoth, with 80 million members and control of the world’s second-largest economy. At home its grip on power faces no organized challenge; abroad its leaders are accorded a respect Mao and Zhou Enlai could not have dreamed of. - q2 e+ s: K: `$ R0 {! C% f! q 2 P! h" @2 ~6 B9 N& BTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。公仔箱論壇$ | b0 P, M2 Z) G. x: W+ j8 |! W* N& g6 t
Indeed, we should give the party its due for having abandoned the Maoist madness of its first three decades in power — the mass terror, famine, brutal political campaigns and vicious power struggles — and for radically improving the material lives of China’s 1.3 billion people. 4 {" M% }9 ?1 ]- i' x2 _' eTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 5 r, M: @3 X7 k" G- |/ m: CTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。公仔箱論壇% T4 I# n9 V0 f0 ^' W
Yet if asked, “What does the Communist Party stand for,” few Chinese leaders today could give a coherent or honest answer. 0 z3 K: O4 ^- A l0 dtvb now,tvbnow,bttvb" m. V- r7 a* @7 n/ z4 s" _
$ x) ~% n: j. P+ w, K% b0 p" rThis much we know: It no longer stands for a utopian ideology. If there is one ideology that the party represents, it is the ideology of power. The sole justification for the party’s rule is the imperative to stay in power. 0 G" `7 @6 z; h5 r. O m2 qwww2.tvboxnow.com $ p" t0 v& j/ ]6 E1 C/ Q$ t 1 F8 m/ E3 Q9 x2 a' xwww2.tvboxnow.comNor does the party stand for China’s masses. Despite efforts to broaden its social base and make it more connected with China’s dynamic and diverse society, the party today has evolved into a self-serving, bureaucratized political patronage machine. It is undeniably an elitist party, with more than 70 percent of its members recruited from government officials, the military, college graduates, businessmen and professionals. 3 L" S9 j, i7 i6 u; z
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- g7 @8 R1 u% c7 O1 Ewww2.tvboxnow.comSo for all its apparent power, the party is in fact facing an existential crisis and an uncertain future. Apart from staying in power, it has no public purpose. The crisis is not only ideological, but also political; it explains much of the cynicism, corruption and insecurity of the party and its elites. 7 X' o7 p, l+ k6 m2 t @* ?% a' }2 o. y公仔箱論壇 " H1 {* r9 \1 R/ m Ytvb now,tvbnow,bttvb公仔箱論壇: k& ]+ G" i+ m7 D
As the party has firmly rejected democratization, its only strategy for survival is to maintain the course it has embarked on since the Tiananmen crackdown in June 1989: drawing political legitimacy from economic growth but relying on repression to crush challenges to its monopoly of power. Although this strategy has worked well since Tiananmen, its effectiveness and sustainability are increasingly in doubt. 9 [8 X1 b; ? b i% u# H1 Z" nTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。www2.tvboxnow.com& N {" f6 H: Q, v6 P/ u2 I% V# j
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On the economic front, growth is about to slow down. Demographic aging, resource constraints, stalled economic reforms and environmental degradation are almost certain to depress China’s growth potential. An optimistic World Bank forecast predicts a growth rate from 2016-2020 of about 7 percent annually — a respectable number, but a 30 percent drop from today’s rate. 1 J* U3 q0 K& ?/ F
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China’s economic revolution is also unleashing powerful social forces that will make maintaining a one-party state more tenuous. The party’s governing philosophy and organizational structure make it difficult to incorporate China’s growing middle-class politically. The convergence of an economic slowdown and rising political activism will challenge the party’s rule from several directions. tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb, F% P, d2 g2 Z0 w
T: G5 C6 k0 |: X$ D& V ' b( w$ r v9 L6 kNow that the Chinese Communist Party has been in power for 62 years, its leaders might also want to note that the record for one-party rule is 74 years, held by the Soviet party, followed by the 71-year rein of Mexico’s Institutional Revolutionary Party. 7 g9 s; v9 n7 Q$ D4 t0 vwww2.tvboxnow.com/ d# n7 K0 B3 j
" w" ^6 t( \8 H% H公仔箱論壇So when Chinese leaders toast their party’s 90th birthday, they should harbor no illusions that the party can beat history’s odds forever. ! q; w5 u# O" i9 D1 P公仔箱論壇 2 s$ \( M. C7 z; \公仔箱論壇 ! L, T" n, N4 I1 ]% SMinxin Pei is a professor of government at Claremont McKenna College in California. % A/ ~4 i f4 S# i+ `1 f' Uwww2.tvboxnow.comwww2.tvboxnow.com& T) C3 b" n. G0 y" E& i
I.H.T. Op-Ed Contributor 6 Z K7 C/ U6 ]- Qwww2.tvboxnow.com : a b5 H D( D% Q6 W# | d3 J6 m* ITVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 : I+ X; a( G& wChina's Communist Party at 90 * w L D. g$ R j- z- V
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) y4 S1 U7 ^1 l( Q* zBy DAVID SHAMBAUGHPublished: June 30, 2011 2 w9 I+ G* E! q/ ?www2.tvboxnow.com* ?1 V6 L% F# l2 U" J0 m: p3 O
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BEIJING — Nationwide ceremonies and a deluge of media coverage have been mobilized by China’s ruling Communist Party to mark its 90th anniversary today. But all the hoopla cannot conceal the party’s insecure state. : `* V% Z. X: W6 X! Y$ Z& Y ltvb now,tvbnow,bttvb公仔箱論壇7 j* c# A% K, I3 a$ |# M
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Central China Television (CCTV) has been airing long narrative documentaries about the party’s history; bookstores are full of red-covered histories; museums have mounted special exhibitions — including the new National Museum’s “Road to Rejuvenation.” And the buildup will be capped by a nationwide address by the party’s general secretary, President Hu Jintao. tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb7 `& U. S# B( C; B0 {
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The main theme in all these celebrations has been that the party has provided China prosperity and dignity following a “century of shame and humiliation.” The narrative of past aggression and aggrievement is pervasive, as is the affirmation that the party has rebuilt Chinese society and restored China’s rightful place in the world. : o& G8 G I8 r% W5 u0 _
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, V/ g" T M, ]www2.tvboxnow.comAccompanying the festivities is an unprecedented official look into the party’s past. After 16 years of preparation, the Central Party History Research Office has produced a 1,000-plus-page compendium of the party’s history from 1949 to 1978 (post-1978 apparently remains too politically sensitive because many of the officials involved are still in power). 公仔箱論壇( R1 C; m! l' v
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While the tome provides many new details of sensitive events during the Mao era, it is still highly selective and largely in step with the master narrative laid down in the 1982 publication: “Certain Questions in Our Party’s History.” / N5 X" w+ A5 D
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Nowhere mentioned is the violence of political campaigns during the 1950s that cost the lives of tens of millions (some of the campaigns are discussed, but not the persecutions and killings). The 1956 Hundred Flowers Movement, in which intellectuals launched broadside critiques of party rule (many which remain apt today), is totally absent. Only the subsequent “Anti-Rightist” purge is covered (in a sanitized fashion) — but not Deng Xiaoping’s role in directing it. 公仔箱論壇/ ~( w/ ~ q1 _& t; x) x
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The Great Leap Forward, which produced the “three bitter years” (1960-62) and claimed the lives of up to 45 million, according to new archival research by the historian Frank Dikotter, and the Cultural Revolution (1966-76) receive substantial treatment. But both catastrophes are essentially attributed to the usurping of party rule by “leftist opportunists” like Lin Biao, Jiang Qing and the Gang of Four. TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。( u# w% ~, }0 u! F- D2 b7 d
, i: L7 X" @' |公仔箱論壇 6 I4 f! W# V A4 n H3 |* lwww2.tvboxnow.comMao himself does come in for criticism, but overall the blame is shifted to others. Mao’s successor Hua Guofeng does benefit from a posthumous “rehabilitation,” but no such luck for the disgraced Zhao Ziyang. tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb! y1 _6 }: Q" y7 O4 i+ j- e
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The official treatment of these events is clear: maintain a strong institutional apparatus and remain vigilant against inner-party usurpers and foreign saboteurs. Thus, even in the midst of an anniversary celebration, the party’s continuing inability to honestly and fully confront its past speaks volumes about its present and future. It is symptomatic of existing insecurities. . P) C+ g1 D, N. F) I: J
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Since the autumn of 2009, following the Fourth Plenary Session of the 17th Central Committee, China and the world have witnessed a more repressive and insecure Communist Party, including a slowing of some political reforms undertaken from 1997-2009. TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。4 M: A) }+ Q# i% I8 _: n. U
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m9 Y4 E% c6 m2 M' x0 IDespite the political stagnation, three sets of reforms have continued: expanding multi-candidate elections to local level party committees; increased transparency in local budgeting and resource allocation; and efforts to improve meritocracy at all levels of the party and government. But efforts to make central policy making more transparent, to prosecute pervasive corruption, to improve “intra-party democracy” and “extra-party supervision,” and to open up the media have all stagnated. " T: s" G& ]! @! _# N# K ; k; K% ]+ Q" R# X* E' o% Awww2.tvboxnow.com 3 A0 `# x1 p' }) ?3 J6 \/ Y) nTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。These reforms all grew out of the party’s study of the collapse of the Soviet Union and other one-party regimes. The main lesson the Chinese Communist Party drew from these foreign examples was to be proactive, flexible and adaptive, and to manage political change from above. Stasis and dogmatism were seen as recipes for stagnation and collapse. 8 y1 A; \' K- H; N4 e) q8 h9 k9 |
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What we are witnessing as the party turns 90, however, is the opposite. Instead of being secure and confident, it is seemingly frozen in fear of the future, unsure about its grip over ethnic regions (Tibet, Xinjiang, and Inner Mongolia), afraid of rising social unrest and ad hoc demonstrations, worried about the macro-economy and foreign relations, and on the cusp of a major leadership transition in 2012. & x2 z0 Y+ g8 Y6 q( H1 a6 d" x
+ [" @: H6 \' ?0 i8 |) A2 ^ # a! Y8 |& B2 W% L% LMoreover, a coalition of internal security forces, giant state-owned corporations, the propaganda apparatus, and the military have joined with hard-line elements in the party to pull back from reforms. TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。! F/ s+ H: S* h1 X$ m9 z* i( c
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|7 F# d3 Q- H$ _8 u- U3 H# k' O. Ytvb now,tvbnow,bttvbYet there is a reformist wing in the party, led by Prime Minister Wen Jiabao, which advocates more open politics. But it does not have the resources or allies to re-ignite political reforms. The intra-party cleavage runs high and deep and party members here indicate viewpoints and factions are becoming increasingly polarized. The pending leadership transition only adds to the risk aversion and crackdown. - X ^' ]5 I# @: x8 rtvb now,tvbnow,bttvb0 A! D% N; ?5 b! L" m
4 g, B1 S) B' J$ i9 CTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。China’s Communist Party at 90 is a bit like many 90-year-olds: increasingly infirm, fearful, experimenting with ways to prolong life, but overwhelmed by the complexities of managing it. 1 r3 g" j; a! [ L, X, n" c
9 ~2 b p0 `! ]! B+ M2 v6 W% pwww2.tvboxnow.comwww2.tvboxnow.com! G$ G1 e$ x2 O6 H: |* ~ David Shambaugh is professor and director of the China Policy Program at George Washington University and the author of “China’s Communist Party: Atrophy & Adaptation.” ( P: \! R8 m: g/ n+ K2 \; `, M0 ^: w" e+ P) E
7 D0 S& p' k) [9 w* |- [- l" d公仔箱論壇tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb" d. u" b4 K: u# L# z. ^% K
; D/ n% [8 n' f6 u& W2 g" [tvb now,tvbnow,bttvbwww2.tvboxnow.com9 m, R: m7 r9 } 來源 / 版權所有: 《紐約時報》 ( Q1 d/ X6 N" s$ m$ c: r$ R+ }(以上内容摘自或摘译自 《紐約時報》,不代表發帖者观点)公仔箱論壇* i7 r* D Y: m W: B
8 T) l; O' c0 E) E H6 Q 作者: aa00 時間: 2011-7-1 12:23 PM
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中国给西方的感觉很复杂:又钦佩向往,又存有畏惧。由中国共产党执政的这个人口大国在经济上创造了一个又一个的奇迹。从1980年至今,中国的国内生产总值翻了30番。中华人民共和国现在已经是全球第二大经济实体。国际货币基金组织还大胆预言,至2020年,中国将取代美国在经济上称雄世界。 " q! x6 H) V8 u0 F7 G( _ TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。( E2 Z- X1 N- b. d4 w: }& U
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北京政府现在就拥有全球第一大外汇储备近3万亿美元,这一数字还在不断增加。中国政府 5 q; Z& o5 `$ v# x$ V) F 公仔箱論壇8 [ U1 H, c1 M* p& _$ s; h
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大力投资科研和教育,成功实现经济转型,改善了民众的生活水平。中国公司多年来大举收购海外企业。中国国内的有钱人也与日俱增,已经有近40万千万富翁,仅次于美、日、德国。www2.tvboxnow.com$ z- O2 I% B+ f0 X. D
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上世纪80年代,邓小平的一句"不管黑猫白猫,抓住老鼠就是好猫!"开启了中国改革开放的阶段,也将中国共产党的性质更加鲜明化:用实用主义替代意识形态主义,只要能取得经济成功,就都可以尝试。香港城市大学的政治学教授郑宇硕认为:"北京政府并不想依照某一种经济改革模式,直到今天在某些地区还在做着各类改革试验。" 8 ~( Y- k( D: w- r' i tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb6 K6 t8 r8 R* R3 C
1 v; V- N, q- y/ N0 w. k公仔箱論壇 / _0 A8 T8 z7 J4 k) |从工农代表到精英政党 : d) N& c" n( [1 w: M# F8 ntvb now,tvbnow,bttvb 8 K# B" h9 _1 J1 p) T- \tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb % d. i+ ~2 ?3 C& ^/ o/ k% V
中国共产党走过了90个饱经风雨的春秋:从游击队政党到中华人民共和国的执政政权,10年文革动荡岁月夺走了无数人的生命,30年前实行改革开放,今天经济腾飞。4 R) j: C5 \7 _( I6 u. j' l6 H
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TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。: _6 v |; D2 \$ \/ D+ q Bildunterschrift: ! L- ^) I. L6 W% t2 u过去的工农代表如今已经成了一个精英政党。中共8000多万党员中,只有700万是工人,这个比例还不到十分之一。2002年以来,私企老板也能入党。不过,谁想入党,要经过一个比较长期和复杂的申请和考验阶段。目前中共政治局常委的9名成员中,有8个是工程师出身。 - @1 Z5 _9 F/ K) w/ X' Htvb now,tvbnow,bttvbTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。& U& ]3 O" \. f$ C3 w
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圖為2007年時右派分子五十年後重聚洛杉磯 - f/ ^5 e$ D6 X+ Q. x, k2 Z8 {公仔箱論壇 TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。* }6 o/ J) |0 C- C
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許多學者把反右運動看成中國現代史上一個極為重要的事件,因為它徹底改變了中國的政治版圖,扼殺了獨立思想存在的空間,為毛澤東和中共以後幾十年的災難性政策奠定了基礎。 + L5 z" d( @( z' \; Wwww2.tvboxnow.com3 t" R; J8 G j& a
但是“中國共産黨歷史”第二卷卻表示:反右“對極少數右派分子的倡狂進攻堅決予以反擊,藉以教育廣大黨員和人民, 是正確的和必要的。反右派鬥爭在全國人民中間澄清了根本的大是大非,穩定了新建立起來的社會主義制度。如果放棄這種鬥爭,......就會造成思想上和政治上的嚴重混亂。” ' ^7 V3 m6 T5 h' Q+ H' h. g3 {公仔箱論壇 ' v, i% F& i6 d- L$ xtvb now,tvbnow,bttvb那麼中外獨立學者怎麼看反右運動對於中國現代史的意義呢? # j0 U' v; ~2 b% n: u/ z3 h$ T( cTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。; F( w& N* p3 W* q5 \
*“因言獲罪”成為中共傳統* / |7 S6 d7 u3 V) x公仔箱論壇( f/ V% h' n) n1 u1 n4 z
回顧反右運動,幾乎全部右派都是“因言獲罪”,其罪行是發表“反黨反社會主義”言論。美國哈佛大學高級研究員郭羅基表示,中共從1957年開始確立了“反黨反社會主義罪”這個罪行。 他説,儘管中國當時的憲法規定人民有“言論自由”,但是,“在中國,好像言論自由只能講革命言論,只能講正確言論。只能發表正確意見,不能發表錯誤意見。要真正實行言論自由,無論是革命言論,還是反革命言論,都應該可以自由發表,就要推翻‘反黨反社會主義有罪’這個命題。這個命題不推翻,就沒有言論自由,也沒有政治民主,中國就不會進步。” & I/ ^1 W' ~+ S2 G- u7 v0 vtvb now,tvbnow,bttvb 3 r7 E0 A) r% ?6 X' D( V" E. M' ztvb now,tvbnow,bttvb*黨內黨外形成一言堂*TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。% }0 A+ w; l1 C: _( L* n. s% e5 t) y
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曾經在1994年到1999年擔任中共中央組織部長的張全景在2006年接受《南方週末》記者採訪時承認:“1957年反‘右’之前,民主生活會最好,相互之間能夠開展批評與自我批評,被批評的同志還可以作解釋。”“反‘右’後,在説真話方面受到影響。”/ y9 M. }* n- W, \
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網上雜誌“縱覽中國”的主編陳奎德認為,毛澤東當年就是想通過反右運動形成在中國的“一言堂”。反右運動奠定了中國以後幾十年的意識形態版圖,消滅了一切自由主義的可能性。反右之後,所有的其他黨派的聲音、其他黨派的報紙和所有的宣傳陣地全部收歸共産黨所有。在1957年之前,各個民主黨派還有自己的報紙和言論陣地。到了57年,全部被中共收編。 & s( R" |, S# pwww2.tvboxnow.comTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。* @' h. z' g6 ~; n$ }& k8 A
陳奎德説:“在這樣一個情況下,以後的中國的政治版圖基本上就按照毛的意志往前走了,基本上中國人就沒有自己説話的語言方式,沒有自己的思維方式,完全是一個頭腦了。這是一個非常嚴重的事件。所以57年反右為什麼在中國現代史上如此重要,我覺得與這個共産黨統治的格局的形成有極大的相關性。” 4 a8 J3 x0 a1 q: c2 {% o# o' rwww2.tvboxnow.comTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。2 v w) h4 `2 f' Q
*知識分子成為敵人* 2 C, D! Q* v: I2 y" i d/ O9 b2 i6 x
反右運動使中國的知識分子受到全面壓制。反右之後,知識分子的地位一落千丈。幾代知識分子不僅完全喪失了言論和思想自由,而且在政治上和生活上也遭受歧視和迫害。 6 }, b7 Y/ G! M8 r3 M" m ; A* ]9 J$ i* R n! e+ Fwww2.tvboxnow.com許多學者認為,毛澤東動歷來就對知識分子抱有不信任的態度。早在1925年他的“中國社會各階級的分析”一文中,毛澤東就把知識份子分為三類,對知識層次越高的人,就表現出越大的不信任。反右中,他在發表題為《打退資産階級右派的進攻》的講話時説:“我歷來講,知識分子是最無知的。”後來他又在中共八大二次會議中宣稱,中國社會有兩個剝削階級和兩個勞動階級,右派分子同被打倒的地主買辦階級和其他反動派是一個剝削階級,正在逐步接受改造的民族資産階級和知識份子是另一個剝削階級,至此將知識分子和勞動人民正式對立起來,使知識分子成為中國政治階梯中的底層。 * X/ }. R1 T/ D公仔箱論壇TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 |' X/ E: J! y+ i( T; s2 ^# i# C
中國獨立記者高瑜説:“1957年消滅了二十世紀上半葉中西文化培養出來的中國幾代最優秀的知識分子。毛澤東消滅知識分子的主要目的是要消滅知識分子的理性的思想和批判社會的力量。毛澤東和反右運動他是要讓知識分子的靈魂坍塌和,扭曲。從這一點來説,57年這個整人的結果是非常嚴重的,真地使一代知識分子,幾代知識分子斷了代。他要打垮和消滅的就是中國知識分子獨立的思想、自由的人格、自主的人格和社會批判的力量。”2 L8 K$ j) `% g
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*説假話成為傳統*TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。4 h4 x2 m$ C- N0 ?7 u9 ~- e( s, }) f% N
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美國著名中國問題專家,加州大學教授林培瑞認為,反右運動毀滅了一代人的真誠和信仰。他説:“以前,土改、鎮反、肅反的時候,不管多殘酷,至少理想語言還在那兒。但是57年以後,理想語言變成語言遊戲。以前,你也許不能説真話;但以後你不能不説假話。我覺得,這個影響的深遠一直蔓延到現在的中國社會上的所謂犬儒主義,説假話,出假貨,賣假藥,説一套,做一套,只顧自己。” & \) j* _3 M# y2 [tvb now,tvbnow,bttvbwww2.tvboxnow.com9 U7 J3 {% Z9 O# E$ u, n% ~! g8 x
前中國社科院研究員許良英在《反右派運動是當代中國第一次大災難》一文中表示,反右後謊言成為中國政治中的常態:“是非、真假完全顛倒,謊話、假話滿天飛,人人在謊言中生活。毛澤東更是在謊言中自我膨脹,反右尚未結束就提出‘超英趕美’的大躍進,幻想三年就要實現共産主義。結果餓死了4000萬人,造成了第二個史無前例的大災難。” ; u" N) l* W# K& B( M3 z: \www2.tvboxnow.com 1 S( A `; o2 p; ?*中國傳統道德被摧毀*www2.tvboxnow.com5 } Q8 J/ j5 i, T* c- g
% b. G; I; w0 d( Xwww2.tvboxnow.com當年由於拒絕與右派丈夫“劃清界限”而被迫退出共産黨的趙根植説:“反右最可悲的結局就是,中國傳統的道德底線就沒有了,是非、善惡顛倒過來了。以前我們從小的教育就是説要忠孝仁義。對朋友就是要講仁,要講義。現在不行了,這就是不站穩立場。站穩立場就是説,你為了保護自己,為了自己能爬上去,就可以揭發,甚至揭發自己的兄弟、姐妹、夫妻。很多妻子離婚了,揭發丈夫,她自己就保住了。傳統道德打破了,而且又沒有新的道德。” 4 s: q' Z8 B) [+ }TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。www2.tvboxnow.com/ l3 u6 ~- z8 s* D; ]0 r8 c. u V
*毛澤東地位進一步上升*tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb0 _$ S, l4 q6 D U$ k4 N. R
$ q, f) t8 A* U9 v3 ctvb now,tvbnow,bttvb反右運動的另一個後果是毛澤東在中共領導層的地位進一步上升。加拿大維多利亞大學亞太中心主任吳國光教授説:“(反右後)毛在黨內地位改變了,影響力改變了。根據薄一波的回憶説:‘自從反右結束以後的“南寧會議”,毛主席有些高居政治局之上了,已很難像以往那樣同政治局的同志坐在一起平等地商討問題了。這標誌著建國以後黨內的民主生活開始由正常和比較正常向不正常轉變。’毛就拉開了他和他黨內同志的權威的這樣一個落差。”公仔箱論壇8 ?4 Q7 {" u1 ~1 v4 Z
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*黨高於一切* 7 _7 Z0 \ Y0 R0 Cwww2.tvboxnow.com2 R: t, j. }8 F7 t1 D! i3 B z
回顧反右全過程,整個運動全部根據中共中央一系列內部文件布署進行,未經人大或者人大常委會討論。其中多次標誌性事件,都是毛澤東的指示或者發言。地方對右派的定論與處分,也由基層黨支部上報,無須法律程式,也不允許本人申辯。一個黨支書的拍板,就能決定一個人乃至一家人的命運,其隨意性達到了駭人聽聞的程度。這種黨高於一切和無視法律的做法,實際上就是“黨天下”。再加上毛澤東的個人地位進一步上升,黨和國家沒有約束機制,這一切都為後來中華民族的一系列大災難埋下了伏筆,包括“大躍進”和“文化大革命”。TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。3 t2 W) N) g0 K8 s# j5 s C