本帖最後由 aa00 於 2011-6-25 10:24 AM 編輯 & l, P* y5 h! \# Ytvb now,tvbnow,bttvb % K( m, N: d( G! x9 p9 c2011年 6月 23日 6 \( ] F" T3 T5 f$ f中共功罪評説之一:中共歷次政治運動有何特點?公仔箱論壇0 S8 v `) B/ N& h5 Z& W# R
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記者: 李肅、寧馨 | 華盛頓 2 R: D. \! Y2 s' V& {1 T: M ! p$ w2 d. K! n5 m( R* W% O2 g) MTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。2 V& ]' ^3 K# V+ Y! X8 b
. B* L( R8 E, e8 h( S' QTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 圖片來源: AP 公仔箱論壇2 d1 g6 I) R& L1 Z
1966年9月紅衛兵抬著毛澤東像,手持毛主席語錄在北京遊行6 Z0 R, N( Y- D8 B7 t3 W
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5 f6 X @1 F% }$ A& q + C* o& h2 K3 @% j' L: R3 t9 Atvb now,tvbnow,bttvb ; s) T3 N* Q! s4 |0 P# ~6 [6 G& _1949年中華人民共和國建立以後,中國曾經掀起過多次政治、經濟和文化運動。這些運動在毛澤東時代尤其頻繁和慘烈,使幾億中國人的命運隨著幾十年的運動而上下起伏,多達數千萬人因而死亡,整個國家動蕩不安。! p1 z! d6 Y/ a, g0 B
6 V0 P& z |6 b1 T9 D1939年7月20日,在延安舉行中國女子大學的開學典禮。毛澤東講演完畢後,全場高呼“毛澤東同志萬歲”。到了1942年以後,“毛主席萬歲”的口號已經成為中共各種集會和報刊的重要口號。 8 h: s3 a+ r* @9 g9 s* zTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 7 d& z' N8 D$ {1940年12月25日,當時的中共中央秘書長王若飛在一篇文章中稱毛澤東為“英明的領袖”。" R6 j3 Z6 x8 I% S. r! V) W
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從1940年年底開始,周恩來作為當時駐重慶的中共代表,在許多致中共中央的電報中都以“毛主席並中央書記處”開頭,把毛澤東擺在中央書記處前邊。tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb' G" {! B$ y) u( ~
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在1941年9月到10月間的中共政治局擴大會議上,當時的中共中央組織部長陳雲説:“毛主席是中國革命的旗幟!”公仔箱論壇2 T$ n5 L& l! |1 E @' b6 y
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1943年3月20日,中共政治局推舉毛澤東為主席。從此,毛澤東正式成為中共最高領導人,並且被賦予中共日常事務的決定權。 $ f( ^8 {7 D7 n: h' u/ w& q* D2 I1 p" Ptvb now,tvbnow,bttvb 9 ?+ P: q: [# \9 L公仔箱論壇1943年8月2日,周恩來在一次演説中説:“我們黨二十二年的歷史證明:毛澤東同志的意見是貫穿著整個黨的歷史時期,發展成為一條馬列主義中國化,也就是中國共産主義的方向!”“毛澤東同志的方向,就是中國共産黨的方向!”“毛澤東同志的路線,就是中國的布爾什維克的路線!”TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。" T6 r8 C: K9 @4 |- X
7 c1 q6 g4 L& R mwww2.tvboxnow.com在1945年4月中共七大期間,中共當時的主要領導人之一任弼石曾經説:“毛澤東三個字不僅成為中國人民的旗幟,而且成為東方各民族爭取解放的旗幟!”tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb. M) r1 g9 A6 ?. i0 O. K2 c% N
2 m8 H. g- N3 K5 R3 [tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb毛澤東對中共對他的個人崇拜不僅欣然接受,而且還積極推動。1943年10月29日,中共中央宣傳部發佈紀念口號時第一次喊出“毛澤東和共産黨是中國的救星”,毛澤東不僅與共産黨並列,而且還排在共産黨之前。當時的中共中央宣傳部歸中央宣傳委員會領導。而這個委員會的書記就是毛澤東。tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb- P% M, }! I% a" L' q) X! U' k5 N5 a
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1945年5月14日,劉少奇在中共七大上做修改黨章的報告,説毛澤東“不僅是中國有史以來最偉大的革命家和政治家,而且是中國有史以來最偉大的理論家和科學家”。在他的提議下,中共七大新黨章明確規定:中國共産黨以毛澤東思想作為自己一切工作的指針。tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb- s; E4 Q# D3 k9 k& P
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1947年9月4日,中共中央發佈40條中國人民解放軍口號,其中第38條是:毛澤東是中國人民的大救星,連原來口號中的共産黨都去掉了。tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb6 {) V% r3 K5 D
3 g% Z- a0 o9 ^9 G8 h公仔箱論壇1950年3月,朱德、劉少奇和周恩來三人共同擬定了五一節口號:“中華人民共和國萬歲”和“全國各民族大團結萬歲”,拿給毛澤東審批。毛澤東親筆加上“毛主席萬歲”和“人民勝利萬歲”兩個口號。 ) J% F0 T. |* O: t 4 M, q p9 S4 T; o2 A( D6 n( t. c公仔箱論壇在1959年批判彭德懷的廬山會議上,面對毛澤東的“大躍進”已經出現種種嚴重的問題,劉少奇表示:“有人要反對毛澤東同志的個人崇拜,我想是完全不正確的,實際上是對黨、對無産階級事業、對人民事業的一種破壞活動。”www2.tvboxnow.com5 v- X: {. Y' }
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毛澤東的第二個接班人林彪更是把對毛的個人崇拜推向了極致。1964年,林彪決定大量再版《毛主席語錄》,並且親自撰寫了再版前言,説“毛主席的話,水準最高,威信最高,威力最大,句句是真理,一句頂一萬句。”TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。* z9 L" g ?2 i- L
( U8 u# O W+ m- u# e/ F8 i公仔箱論壇1966年5月18日,林彪在中共政治局擴大會議上發言時説:“毛主席在全國、在全世界有最高的威望,是最卓越、最偉大的人物。” 林彪還説:“像毛主席這樣的天才人物,中國幾千年才出一個,世界幾百年才出一個”。顯然,共産黨人的祖師爺馬恩列斯都已經不在話下了。TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。$ @( B3 x0 m# o' y+ k" M2 u7 p- u
0 r4 N( B7 Q- |( K, v' l5 V5 C# E+ VThere is little question that the Chinese Communist Party has come a long way since it was founded 90 years ago by 12 delegates representing roughly 50 members. ! S0 W1 o+ f; j; a2 `1 {. w7 Atvb now,tvbnow,bttvbwww2.tvboxnow.com( P1 k5 Y0 s* V! y' f
: o+ W$ Z0 M) g$ h. Ptvb now,tvbnow,bttvbYet however insignificant it may have seemed back then, there was no question about its ideology, identity and mission. Inspired by utopian Marxism, the party represented China’s idealist leftists, nationalists and the downtrodden. Its mission was to end social injustice and Western colonialism. & y, T# S0 T5 i7 V; dTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。1 I K) z# q( e; ~4 |
^8 e* Q3 `, J# Ttvb now,tvbnow,bttvbToday the party is a political behemoth, with 80 million members and control of the world’s second-largest economy. At home its grip on power faces no organized challenge; abroad its leaders are accorded a respect Mao and Zhou Enlai could not have dreamed of. : `5 s: t4 p# ~; h+ x; W1 STVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb. T- p, s4 j3 |6 P7 k
5 _! |' ~1 c; zwww2.tvboxnow.comIndeed, we should give the party its due for having abandoned the Maoist madness of its first three decades in power — the mass terror, famine, brutal political campaigns and vicious power struggles — and for radically improving the material lives of China’s 1.3 billion people. 5 k( _' w0 j0 ]4 A- E( ?
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Yet if asked, “What does the Communist Party stand for,” few Chinese leaders today could give a coherent or honest answer. / b( ]9 {9 L& ]7 F7 l1 s$ L
8 a* x3 S9 O3 Z1 i; G1 w1 Pwww2.tvboxnow.com A, c# W! S# X3 n' |TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。This much we know: It no longer stands for a utopian ideology. If there is one ideology that the party represents, it is the ideology of power. The sole justification for the party’s rule is the imperative to stay in power. TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。! m4 _; C6 @% R5 D
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Nor does the party stand for China’s masses. Despite efforts to broaden its social base and make it more connected with China’s dynamic and diverse society, the party today has evolved into a self-serving, bureaucratized political patronage machine. It is undeniably an elitist party, with more than 70 percent of its members recruited from government officials, the military, college graduates, businessmen and professionals. 3 k% |# g6 a J# O7 w; I; {www2.tvboxnow.com , {8 F! u6 h8 Y1 p( B公仔箱論壇www2.tvboxnow.com4 n# B' o o( C) N! U" z$ L( y
So for all its apparent power, the party is in fact facing an existential crisis and an uncertain future. Apart from staying in power, it has no public purpose. The crisis is not only ideological, but also political; it explains much of the cynicism, corruption and insecurity of the party and its elites. TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。$ o, D" Q0 a L, @
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. J2 ]5 L: G [# eAs the party has firmly rejected democratization, its only strategy for survival is to maintain the course it has embarked on since the Tiananmen crackdown in June 1989: drawing political legitimacy from economic growth but relying on repression to crush challenges to its monopoly of power. Although this strategy has worked well since Tiananmen, its effectiveness and sustainability are increasingly in doubt. tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb$ M% @7 T" Z! `; |; ^& y* u
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6 p* l: n: I2 z3 r6 eOn the economic front, growth is about to slow down. Demographic aging, resource constraints, stalled economic reforms and environmental degradation are almost certain to depress China’s growth potential. An optimistic World Bank forecast predicts a growth rate from 2016-2020 of about 7 percent annually — a respectable number, but a 30 percent drop from today’s rate. ! x# J( l9 ~' @0 ~; T# A( C! w* K公仔箱論壇 & @* \ n$ l, U4 F5 T$ stvb now,tvbnow,bttvbTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。. a6 A! I7 [' v* \" W
China’s economic revolution is also unleashing powerful social forces that will make maintaining a one-party state more tenuous. The party’s governing philosophy and organizational structure make it difficult to incorporate China’s growing middle-class politically. The convergence of an economic slowdown and rising political activism will challenge the party’s rule from several directions. ) k1 S3 g% P y$ q* B4 _% I
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Now that the Chinese Communist Party has been in power for 62 years, its leaders might also want to note that the record for one-party rule is 74 years, held by the Soviet party, followed by the 71-year rein of Mexico’s Institutional Revolutionary Party. ! F- L' x6 d7 E0 s% N: h公仔箱論壇& m/ j6 Y( c; v- X& V$ ]
2 l& Z) A: x& w) G8 TSo when Chinese leaders toast their party’s 90th birthday, they should harbor no illusions that the party can beat history’s odds forever. TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。7 ]% c$ Z. }1 }' x
! ]' i% T- o0 K9 @0 L8 z1 D9 r' c$ N; i2 K: t" k Minxin Pei is a professor of government at Claremont McKenna College in California. ( w2 R9 d5 S5 N5 J0 mwww2.tvboxnow.com 6 \9 B8 x+ _% g1 m5 Z+ p公仔箱論壇 9 b' W2 `4 E3 ]( W5 N % K, q" F' Q' {7 F# Z" k" ~( O* WTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 M( a1 J7 h. E3 e! k6 `0 Q$ P 來源 / 版權所有: 《紐約時報》 1 m4 W ~3 F2 {( m( F5 T! w. _(以上内容摘自或摘译自 《紐約時報》,不代表發帖者观点)作者: aa00 時間: 2011-7-1 11:56 AM
0 s: G6 {5 V0 C1 L: vwww2.tvboxnow.com公仔箱論壇4 N! S2 @- W7 s: d' a China's Communist Party at 90 公仔箱論壇/ `0 {+ [$ L9 K \6 J' b5 Q& v3 u: ]
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5 }0 {5 `9 w4 x. ^1 i2 a! cwww2.tvboxnow.comBy DAVID SHAMBAUGHPublished: June 30, 2011 tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb; Q5 x7 N# G3 e
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BEIJING — Nationwide ceremonies and a deluge of media coverage have been mobilized by China’s ruling Communist Party to mark its 90th anniversary today. But all the hoopla cannot conceal the party’s insecure state. - l2 e6 Z' a7 L+ w X. m. W( ?
. g w: l3 z* [. D$ g9 T" D7 rTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Central China Television (CCTV) has been airing long narrative documentaries about the party’s history; bookstores are full of red-covered histories; museums have mounted special exhibitions — including the new National Museum’s “Road to Rejuvenation.” And the buildup will be capped by a nationwide address by the party’s general secretary, President Hu Jintao. ! E1 b& ~( l) F9 K ; ^) b6 a# O$ c$ A0 T, i/ A# Y0 T % P. \+ i% t7 e$ _8 s/ q% U3 swww2.tvboxnow.comThe main theme in all these celebrations has been that the party has provided China prosperity and dignity following a “century of shame and humiliation.” The narrative of past aggression and aggrievement is pervasive, as is the affirmation that the party has rebuilt Chinese society and restored China’s rightful place in the world. 9 @8 {! g- Y Y7 Q0 s( X9 n$ f3 _" W/ J: y9 q
" _3 U3 A- J& w3 i' k& l+ [; F pwww2.tvboxnow.comAccompanying the festivities is an unprecedented official look into the party’s past. After 16 years of preparation, the Central Party History Research Office has produced a 1,000-plus-page compendium of the party’s history from 1949 to 1978 (post-1978 apparently remains too politically sensitive because many of the officials involved are still in power). tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb! b2 X2 g8 V0 n$ \
" U$ p" Y+ z! d5 U& w5 |公仔箱論壇 2 D# o1 I: u9 SWhile the tome provides many new details of sensitive events during the Mao era, it is still highly selective and largely in step with the master narrative laid down in the 1982 publication: “Certain Questions in Our Party’s History.” TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。- I1 i2 Y Q- M' Y! H
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Nowhere mentioned is the violence of political campaigns during the 1950s that cost the lives of tens of millions (some of the campaigns are discussed, but not the persecutions and killings). The 1956 Hundred Flowers Movement, in which intellectuals launched broadside critiques of party rule (many which remain apt today), is totally absent. Only the subsequent “Anti-Rightist” purge is covered (in a sanitized fashion) — but not Deng Xiaoping’s role in directing it. / _7 W8 o# r7 Z) [TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 5 R& J2 p1 \5 g% m6 Q! I - x o7 h5 K: V; \The Great Leap Forward, which produced the “three bitter years” (1960-62) and claimed the lives of up to 45 million, according to new archival research by the historian Frank Dikotter, and the Cultural Revolution (1966-76) receive substantial treatment. But both catastrophes are essentially attributed to the usurping of party rule by “leftist opportunists” like Lin Biao, Jiang Qing and the Gang of Four. / J+ t/ O% s; [8 r, m7 Q" p公仔箱論壇' }$ e8 F+ Y' j' Y
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Mao himself does come in for criticism, but overall the blame is shifted to others. Mao’s successor Hua Guofeng does benefit from a posthumous “rehabilitation,” but no such luck for the disgraced Zhao Ziyang. ! _: [" C+ P0 N9 L2 }% g( VTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。: U! ?; M1 ~4 t* Y
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The official treatment of these events is clear: maintain a strong institutional apparatus and remain vigilant against inner-party usurpers and foreign saboteurs. Thus, even in the midst of an anniversary celebration, the party’s continuing inability to honestly and fully confront its past speaks volumes about its present and future. It is symptomatic of existing insecurities. www2.tvboxnow.com# K5 R' J8 R5 i, W2 }$ `
$ D9 O3 E" b0 D7 gTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 % p" H; H$ d9 s( G4 `4 wTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Since the autumn of 2009, following the Fourth Plenary Session of the 17th Central Committee, China and the world have witnessed a more repressive and insecure Communist Party, including a slowing of some political reforms undertaken from 1997-2009. : s7 Z5 l) B" _3 \& aTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 8 u* O; n& J) y& d! Gwww2.tvboxnow.com 7 }* Z6 M! T2 H% hTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Despite the political stagnation, three sets of reforms have continued: expanding multi-candidate elections to local level party committees; increased transparency in local budgeting and resource allocation; and efforts to improve meritocracy at all levels of the party and government. But efforts to make central policy making more transparent, to prosecute pervasive corruption, to improve “intra-party democracy” and “extra-party supervision,” and to open up the media have all stagnated. 2 d3 L: M# ?) |+ C; O7 [1 \4 a7 u3 r
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These reforms all grew out of the party’s study of the collapse of the Soviet Union and other one-party regimes. The main lesson the Chinese Communist Party drew from these foreign examples was to be proactive, flexible and adaptive, and to manage political change from above. Stasis and dogmatism were seen as recipes for stagnation and collapse. TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 W) U, K' B% j( ], B
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What we are witnessing as the party turns 90, however, is the opposite. Instead of being secure and confident, it is seemingly frozen in fear of the future, unsure about its grip over ethnic regions (Tibet, Xinjiang, and Inner Mongolia), afraid of rising social unrest and ad hoc demonstrations, worried about the macro-economy and foreign relations, and on the cusp of a major leadership transition in 2012. 2 x- m- o$ N4 h: Q8 @! T. ftvb now,tvbnow,bttvb 9 u2 \- |( e2 k; k2 d6 E 3 l; [$ {% Q& t4 p9 Wwww2.tvboxnow.comMoreover, a coalition of internal security forces, giant state-owned corporations, the propaganda apparatus, and the military have joined with hard-line elements in the party to pull back from reforms. ( [$ Z) h4 Z7 _6 ?. P
9 W7 o8 G! h) A) H; V1 y8 m8 |TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 3 w) y6 n E5 o5 fYet there is a reformist wing in the party, led by Prime Minister Wen Jiabao, which advocates more open politics. But it does not have the resources or allies to re-ignite political reforms. The intra-party cleavage runs high and deep and party members here indicate viewpoints and factions are becoming increasingly polarized. The pending leadership transition only adds to the risk aversion and crackdown. www2.tvboxnow.com6 P8 s( h/ i# [# O" J5 e0 q
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; _8 f+ d& S l) m8 kwww2.tvboxnow.comChina’s Communist Party at 90 is a bit like many 90-year-olds: increasingly infirm, fearful, experimenting with ways to prolong life, but overwhelmed by the complexities of managing it. TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。1 d2 v0 Q* Z: O, `. r% `* I
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www2.tvboxnow.com/ P- Y+ x0 c+ T( d) K+ \; @ David Shambaugh is professor and director of the China Policy Program at George Washington University and the author of “China’s Communist Party: Atrophy & Adaptation.” * D% p& s+ a- x2 j( ^tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb 0 M/ R4 l; X. `& P" q; N5 QTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。* G8 g: m; x+ Z4 J
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今年7月1日是中國共產黨建黨90週年 # b1 s% U/ @+ o VTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 % N. X7 k4 [$ g Ytvb now,tvbnow,bttvb ) O) X: f5 o+ h$ a" M5 C3 b公仔箱論壇 4 f; g- ^* B i, f2 J
中共統戰部發言人星期三也發表講話稱,中國沒有必要組建新的政黨,因為中國共產黨和八個民主黨派已經基本涵蓋了現在的中國各社會階層和群體。 7 P+ j. b# f7 ^; t 公仔箱論壇# N1 l* o" V" l# _3 D
4 @* Y4 c# e1 ~. ?www2.tvboxnow.com中國媒體連日來不斷引用海外人士對中共的讚揚,新華網6月30日頭條文章,就引用已故英國歷史學家湯因比的話說,「我願意生在中國。因為我覺得,中國今後對於全人類的未來將起到非常重要的作用。」www2.tvboxnow.com. E% m' @% N$ N9 D: d* s q" ]) x
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% a" T/ @) s+ ?; P6 r3 m參考消息則刊登對墨西哥國立自治大學中國問題學者杜塞爾的採訪,讚揚中國共產黨建黨90週年有著全球性的意義,並誇現在的中國共產黨無疑是世界上最重要的共產黨。 6 d0 w; f* L3 \: z3 {TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 8 v4 q! `: Q* W+ m1 V1 N( t( z公仔箱論壇 2 s. b3 V" e/ G6 ?$ C6 n4 g: C
據中國官方統計數字,到2010底,中共黨員人數已超過8千萬,僅去年一年就有3百多萬人申請入黨,其中81%是35歲以下的年輕人。 ' {( b8 F, X+ a4 O& m% Rtvb now,tvbnow,bttvb / A: d8 q- V }2 D9 z
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因此有人認為,從理論上說,一個政黨能夠如此長久的實行一黨專政,而且黨員人數逐年上升,並注入年輕力量,就說明這個政黨確實能代表大多數國民的利益。 4 H; V; E: y: ?+ b2 F2 L- D* g公仔箱論壇 TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。( X6 f1 W% H! C4 T0 t+ e
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高壓與積怨TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。. L( O- E2 {, G8 c
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但是批評者認為,中共一黨專政之所以能持續,最主要的原因是它60年來一而貫之的對反對派的嚴厲鎮壓,所以才造成至今沒有反對派政黨競爭權位的現實。 ' M, A& }0 n% \7 X& Q% V4 \tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。5 q V$ N) \" G! W8 c* _$ s
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另一個事實是,中國民間的怨憤從中共政治開始至今一直存在,前30年主要是針對毛澤東的無處不在的政治高壓,後30年則演變為對中共黨員和官僚貪污腐敗、以及貧富差距越來越大的憤怒。 ( L) `6 x9 T9 Y, W6 [1 _4 E: ~tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb www2.tvboxnow.com' D& z2 g3 q- v; P7 ~# F
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許多網民在網上發表此類評論:當年利用社會底層對國民黨政府的極大不滿起家的中國共產黨,現在已經變成了壓制工農等社會基層人民的政府,所以中國共產黨是沒有前途可言的。 , j( u8 p; Z4 M9 p/ c( J公仔箱論壇 www2.tvboxnow.com; X! ~3 R$ N% L# l' R8 m& l. H
4 \2 }1 J% ~6 ^# N! i* G从中共执政的方式看,许多地方与中国实际上的市场经济并不相符。比如在每个五年计划中都要确定政治方针。掌管经济支柱行业的依旧是国企或央企。土地依旧归国有。各级别党校依旧在教授马列主义和毛泽东思想。然而在经济上,中国却连续创下世界纪录。中国每年经济增长保持在10%甚至更多。北京对中国经济模式的定义是"有中国特色的社会主义经济",而什么是"中国特色"并没有具体的解释。7 a) [( X% V0 R# B9 A" Q w! o
+ ~+ c6 p! y6 J! p8 `& r % R$ E, V0 }3 g4 A4 w" ytvb now,tvbnow,bttvb * V; V# q8 @' Q% s Bildunterschrift: Großansicht des Bildes mit der Bildunterschrift: 4 r+ u. w! o2 Jwww2.tvboxnow.com公仔箱論壇; Y. Y f) i8 e2 T& d. I- a- V
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德国外交政策协会专家桑德施耐德认为,尽管中国在经济上取得了巨大成果,但却不应该忘记该国还面对诸多未解决的问题:TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。7 j2 T o; c8 w7 o
. r# Z \* U* Mwww2.tvboxnow.com % {: f1 k& t2 G6 Y. ^% }" l"中国共产党直到今天也没能保障社会公平性。几年来,中国的贫富差距越来越大。社会主义的主要理想之一就是实现人人平等,而中共距离这个目标尚远。"公仔箱論壇* `( _- M# U7 r( A G+ E
2 ]4 c7 S# `" v9 L( `* X1 s5 A, [公仔箱論壇大饑荒年代的確存在自然災害,但是據統計,自然災害造成的損失只佔糧食減産總數的三分之一左右。中國華東師範大學歷史學教授楊奎松説:“我們讓學生去做過各個省的這種統計,就是歷年的自然災害的情況。現在有十幾個省的資料統計出來,可以很清楚,就是58年、59年、60年不是嚴重天災的情況。所以從這個情況來看呢,‘天災’的説法應該説不太準確。主要我覺得還是一個‘人禍’的問題,是政策的嚴重失誤。”公仔箱論壇 X& F0 {- d F l