2011年 6月 18日 1 D/ O8 T" F. `8 K$ `歷史滄桑:中共建黨元老鮮有善終者 TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。6 D* t9 s1 y2 Y0 Y/ J7 i
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3 i" @, Q# r3 Y3 R# G+ W( v7 YVOA 記者: 王南 | 華盛頓 公仔箱論壇9 U% x/ e. F% O. i$ t3 P0 O
來源: 美國之音TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。# N3 x$ l. C, c9 E" c1 X
* Z( ]! S2 r r: O1 K公仔箱論壇5 z' ]+ q) Z. A* Z3 T 圖片來源: 美國之音 " S/ k+ n* |4 ]& ztvb now,tvbnow,bttvb中共一大時沉默寡言的毛澤東後來成為不容挑戰的最高領袖。中南海新華門邊至今鑲著“戰無不勝的毛澤東思想萬歲”的標語。; m; @% @, N4 o
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TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。2 T8 [1 B& b. `, H
TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。; \& G- u) z% M1 R
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中國共産黨由蘇聯控制的共産國際(又稱“第三國際”)一手催生。1920年4月,共産國際派代表維經斯基到中國,他先在北京會晤李大釗,後在上海接觸陳獨秀,建議他們籌組中國共産黨。8月,陳獨秀等人在上海組黨。1921年7月23日,共産國際代表馬林、尼克爾斯基和13名中國代表在上海的法國租界秘密召開中國共産黨第一次全國代表大會。因為擔心法租界巡捕干預,代表們8月3日在嘉興南湖的一艘遊船上舉行了閉幕會議,選舉出中共中央局三名領導成員。陳獨秀為總書記,張國燾為組織主任,李達任宣傳主任。中共後來把一大定為建黨時刻,並把7月1日定為“黨的生日”。% C$ \5 X4 i. [: d% D. i9 S0 T
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出席中共一大的中外15名代表以及早期兩大領袖後來的命運如何呢?tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb# ~7 e' e2 D& P2 R+ b: |
5 i3 V# J4 U2 W2 @2 U/ G2 s張國燾(1897-1979),江西人,早年參加五四運動,後追隨李大釗參加組建共産黨的活動。張在中共一大上被選為中央局組織主任,是三名“中央領導”之一。張一直在中共身居要職,包括在莫斯科任中共駐共産國際代表團成員以及在中共武裝根據地任“中華蘇維埃共和國”副主席。公仔箱論壇- b+ F5 y2 M4 _( i. h; n+ Q
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7 ]1 i' n, |% M; g5 ?) j; O, }( ~! cTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 4 d. \# Q8 m+ B& ~$ E; `6 x公仔箱論壇 www2.tvboxnow.com% }0 {, H/ g/ h
美國之音 張楠懋功兩河口紀念館紅軍領袖雕塑有“叛徒”張國燾。 8 d% |% M3 E; f. c6 C5 h( b; W; G0 r* z' E, x' A {' x e3 Q" s
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1934年,在國軍圍剿下,紅軍撤離根據地,號稱“長征”。1935年6月,張領導的紅四方面軍和毛澤東等人領導的紅一方面軍(中央紅軍)在四川懋功會師。紅四方面軍實力強于紅一方面軍,雙方産生矛盾,張另立中央。毛北上延安站穩腳跟,張南下損兵折將。共産國際宣佈延安的中央為正統。張被迫北上投奔延安,被剝奪兵權。) O% d. o$ O% a, K
8 f% W' c' L5 B8 ]: UTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。國共合作抗日後,在中共內部受打壓的張國燾1938年跑到西安投奔國民黨,被中共開除黨籍。張后來擔任過對共鬥爭設計委員會的中將銜設計委員兼主任秘書。1948年,隨著中共軍隊節節勝利,張遷移台灣,1949年又移居香港,1968年移民加拿大,1979年在多倫多病逝。! \5 r8 J6 x& Q5 D) g
9 w9 p& X+ B9 F1 }! q; R/ o" G# Qtvb now,tvbnow,bttvb當時,人們對話之前先要引用毛主席語錄,每天要對毛主席像“早請示,晚彙報”。街頭、單位,隨處可見人們在跳“忠字舞”。www2.tvboxnow.com6 M+ t2 C9 _ G3 N C# K
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至此,“東方紅,太陽升,中國出了個毛澤東”的歌聲響徹神州大地,毛的造神運動到達了登峰造極的地步。其程度超過了歷代封建王朝的個人崇拜,成為歷史和世界的笑柄。www2.tvboxnow.com/ l9 f. U4 A9 y, D4 Q
/ ?* e' ]. O. \; h$ pwww2.tvboxnow.com*本可以和平土改*TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。5 i, k. B* N8 s {
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其實,在中共已經控制了政權的1950年,通過國家立法和執法,完全可以達到分田地、“均貧富”的目的。但是毛澤東堅決反對把土地恩賜給農民的和平土改。他主張組織農民通過與地主階級進行面對面的鬥爭奪回土地。 % E, C. H8 F/ o1 h! G/ R3 u, ^公仔箱論壇 n7 E* S. T- j" k+ ?. M中共堅持用血腥鬥爭的手段來進行土改,目的何在呢? ) m. ?2 e' }& r2 l A" ^tvb now,tvbnow,bttvbTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。5 E+ c: X7 C4 ~: R( S1 B q$ u3 Q c! \
1956年9月,中共副主席劉少奇在做政治報告時解釋説:“用徹底發動農民群眾的群眾路線的方法,充分地啟發農民特別是貧農的階級覺悟,經過農民自己的鬥爭,......廣大的農民就站立起來,組織起來,緊緊地跟了共産黨和人民政府走,牢固地掌握了鄉村的政權和武裝。因此,土地改革不但在經濟上消滅了地主階級和大大地削弱了富農,也在政治上徹底地打倒了地主階級和孤立了富農。”TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。* Z/ g2 x f; Q+ d# F
* c Q& C6 a+ `9 y6 v: L- P1 s) H e, D1 z# G y0 n公仔箱論壇註:上文引述有關媒體全文轉貼於樓下 ) a4 i1 k7 W; o. ^3 u7 k' T: i2 D: Q 5 ~4 G$ \7 _3 B7 m. y5 x% K作者: aa00 時間: 2011-7-1 11:49 AM
本帖最後由 aa00 於 2011-7-1 11:58 AM 編輯 . S8 y4 p( T% q% [ / Z" j1 _+ A* `' f! hI.H.T. Op-Ed Contributor . i# N! A$ Z8 B R. A( b# ETVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。3 T2 h K6 v* v$ }0 z5 E
8 H" [' ]( x, p! @ ( Z1 F. A% ?$ ?: m; |tvb now,tvbnow,bttvbGreat Party, but Where's the Communism? www2.tvboxnow.com7 ~& }7 A6 h! f( J _7 j# j
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5 |7 \) a9 {# a6 Y" _4 V7 B8 iwww2.tvboxnow.com . C9 W" x4 R7 Y6 r* Ltvb now,tvbnow,bttvbBy MINXIN PEIPublished: June 30, 2011 : I2 ?2 e, |* ]- d) ^. b) f* p 4 j. h5 T' u2 K( Dwww2.tvboxnow.comwww2.tvboxnow.com# U% M( _3 a: h, \4 }4 r' O7 o0 U
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2 x" u; ?) T7 h/ }1 _9 a公仔箱論壇There is little question that the Chinese Communist Party has come a long way since it was founded 90 years ago by 12 delegates representing roughly 50 members. $ w7 E3 F+ M( l! S/ H& Y 1 b/ |1 U a' g! R" Q; q2 c7 `( PTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。: ^* S/ f! K+ E: e
Yet however insignificant it may have seemed back then, there was no question about its ideology, identity and mission. Inspired by utopian Marxism, the party represented China’s idealist leftists, nationalists and the downtrodden. Its mission was to end social injustice and Western colonialism. 0 p# K1 q! D! ^' o. h$ C' A% }TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 * w; J" g5 J/ f* z公仔箱論壇tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb5 x3 P, R4 u2 l. I( z& Y
Today the party is a political behemoth, with 80 million members and control of the world’s second-largest economy. At home its grip on power faces no organized challenge; abroad its leaders are accorded a respect Mao and Zhou Enlai could not have dreamed of. TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。; y: _/ r% O! p t
1 p8 {, r7 w( D P4 ATVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 . u0 ~6 P7 L9 R' o/ t- Jwww2.tvboxnow.comIndeed, we should give the party its due for having abandoned the Maoist madness of its first three decades in power — the mass terror, famine, brutal political campaigns and vicious power struggles — and for radically improving the material lives of China’s 1.3 billion people. ( W6 T- W" W# e- K
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Yet if asked, “What does the Communist Party stand for,” few Chinese leaders today could give a coherent or honest answer. " h+ v3 v' Z4 v( r4 Bwww2.tvboxnow.comwww2.tvboxnow.com% S2 T1 g# @3 A3 e2 A I+ h
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This much we know: It no longer stands for a utopian ideology. If there is one ideology that the party represents, it is the ideology of power. The sole justification for the party’s rule is the imperative to stay in power. 公仔箱論壇 U0 e* n6 U( X9 X
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TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。7 }, `0 x5 @3 u5 Y
Nor does the party stand for China’s masses. Despite efforts to broaden its social base and make it more connected with China’s dynamic and diverse society, the party today has evolved into a self-serving, bureaucratized political patronage machine. It is undeniably an elitist party, with more than 70 percent of its members recruited from government officials, the military, college graduates, businessmen and professionals. 7 L/ {, r7 d% S . I, x3 R; o B1 p2 Hwww2.tvboxnow.com - R) O+ G; z- j) N( l6 Z6 [tvb now,tvbnow,bttvbSo for all its apparent power, the party is in fact facing an existential crisis and an uncertain future. Apart from staying in power, it has no public purpose. The crisis is not only ideological, but also political; it explains much of the cynicism, corruption and insecurity of the party and its elites. . d5 S7 @( ]- y# N% Rtvb now,tvbnow,bttvb * s! H' K" A) R& E6 U+ NTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。公仔箱論壇0 s6 Y' ?% O& U L
As the party has firmly rejected democratization, its only strategy for survival is to maintain the course it has embarked on since the Tiananmen crackdown in June 1989: drawing political legitimacy from economic growth but relying on repression to crush challenges to its monopoly of power. Although this strategy has worked well since Tiananmen, its effectiveness and sustainability are increasingly in doubt. tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb4 ]" _3 ~, F) f; U
TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。, k* q4 o6 m' ]9 r& R& A5 v, I# x+ @
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On the economic front, growth is about to slow down. Demographic aging, resource constraints, stalled economic reforms and environmental degradation are almost certain to depress China’s growth potential. An optimistic World Bank forecast predicts a growth rate from 2016-2020 of about 7 percent annually — a respectable number, but a 30 percent drop from today’s rate. 9 O% _) _$ f% ?- W/ t( C/ k1 H 4 ]; H: U8 v7 ~' C' j4 ]* ~www2.tvboxnow.com 5 h4 ~% c. c) [" g( }9 b, E8 Etvb now,tvbnow,bttvbChina’s economic revolution is also unleashing powerful social forces that will make maintaining a one-party state more tenuous. The party’s governing philosophy and organizational structure make it difficult to incorporate China’s growing middle-class politically. The convergence of an economic slowdown and rising political activism will challenge the party’s rule from several directions. 公仔箱論壇2 ]0 P a7 y: R6 ^- \5 J! s
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5 q9 J- {4 ~; c8 X i/ BNow that the Chinese Communist Party has been in power for 62 years, its leaders might also want to note that the record for one-party rule is 74 years, held by the Soviet party, followed by the 71-year rein of Mexico’s Institutional Revolutionary Party. 7 M$ e2 T3 p( O+ z7 q. q% `: o1 `0 ?! i) F
5 o/ V# e) B( n: _3 ~+ }www2.tvboxnow.comSo when Chinese leaders toast their party’s 90th birthday, they should harbor no illusions that the party can beat history’s odds forever. - d9 b' f! v8 c) x3 Bwww2.tvboxnow.com4 k6 f6 @; u+ D) b F3 a
$ d! _2 H. A3 Btvb now,tvbnow,bttvbMinxin Pei is a professor of government at Claremont McKenna College in California. tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb8 x7 h6 G* d8 u0 q
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' L! m$ r; g' j6 w5 {, p$ B& A China's Communist Party at 90 3 A! @& x4 a" I% _6 C6 D% ?www2.tvboxnow.com公仔箱論壇* `. ^3 n$ p2 z) l, T
3 U- n) M6 K! p3 {: p' N: G7 GBy DAVID SHAMBAUGHPublished: June 30, 2011 ( E8 g* c4 A2 htvb now,tvbnow,bttvb 9 Z6 y. x1 C. `$ ~8 ^* Zwww2.tvboxnow.com * a4 @9 i, V+ ~9 ]3 C公仔箱論壇BEIJING — Nationwide ceremonies and a deluge of media coverage have been mobilized by China’s ruling Communist Party to mark its 90th anniversary today. But all the hoopla cannot conceal the party’s insecure state. tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb8 z: ?- O {5 A( y5 \6 ?; G
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& ?$ |1 p0 J& w4 v/ oTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 1 F2 K! h I m$ f1 O( Etvb now,tvbnow,bttvb % M" b) `- r$ H5 WCentral China Television (CCTV) has been airing long narrative documentaries about the party’s history; bookstores are full of red-covered histories; museums have mounted special exhibitions — including the new National Museum’s “Road to Rejuvenation.” And the buildup will be capped by a nationwide address by the party’s general secretary, President Hu Jintao. + o0 f: c6 y. F( `* {3 [tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb - m4 H$ K1 o" fTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。www2.tvboxnow.com: X5 l% [) |7 ]% }1 K9 x5 G' u
The main theme in all these celebrations has been that the party has provided China prosperity and dignity following a “century of shame and humiliation.” The narrative of past aggression and aggrievement is pervasive, as is the affirmation that the party has rebuilt Chinese society and restored China’s rightful place in the world. . w. G% s* t, L
) o+ E8 i$ c0 D- }: dTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 ; r! C: n! Z% D+ r% J3 D4 ?( W1 }TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Accompanying the festivities is an unprecedented official look into the party’s past. After 16 years of preparation, the Central Party History Research Office has produced a 1,000-plus-page compendium of the party’s history from 1949 to 1978 (post-1978 apparently remains too politically sensitive because many of the officials involved are still in power). 公仔箱論壇; O9 }2 {% h5 ]3 c/ h& u
. C9 F; @' c6 ? l+ Y+ oTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 ~; a" e; p* u- v4 G6 |3 xwww2.tvboxnow.comWhile the tome provides many new details of sensitive events during the Mao era, it is still highly selective and largely in step with the master narrative laid down in the 1982 publication: “Certain Questions in Our Party’s History.” tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb r. w4 Z! C2 p" U
0 J+ U4 U0 @6 m$ q5 ~6 Y9 l - Q9 ~* T& r" S' {$ v7 g* h. Rtvb now,tvbnow,bttvbNowhere mentioned is the violence of political campaigns during the 1950s that cost the lives of tens of millions (some of the campaigns are discussed, but not the persecutions and killings). The 1956 Hundred Flowers Movement, in which intellectuals launched broadside critiques of party rule (many which remain apt today), is totally absent. Only the subsequent “Anti-Rightist” purge is covered (in a sanitized fashion) — but not Deng Xiaoping’s role in directing it. tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb5 _4 g0 f, ^' M% P
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# p. n3 O; V3 C9 hThe Great Leap Forward, which produced the “three bitter years” (1960-62) and claimed the lives of up to 45 million, according to new archival research by the historian Frank Dikotter, and the Cultural Revolution (1966-76) receive substantial treatment. But both catastrophes are essentially attributed to the usurping of party rule by “leftist opportunists” like Lin Biao, Jiang Qing and the Gang of Four. 5 ^) P5 r# F- Kwww2.tvboxnow.com- \# e ]# ]! e3 d# A2 e$ m( R% Y
' u' G- ^- c; A, K- p% q0 n- Y5 e; dMao himself does come in for criticism, but overall the blame is shifted to others. Mao’s successor Hua Guofeng does benefit from a posthumous “rehabilitation,” but no such luck for the disgraced Zhao Ziyang. # `3 |* y6 _- v, X& G- G! }
+ }+ J: Y: B. h# l9 {% C) x8 ] + U @( f7 b6 E5 s. p* PThe official treatment of these events is clear: maintain a strong institutional apparatus and remain vigilant against inner-party usurpers and foreign saboteurs. Thus, even in the midst of an anniversary celebration, the party’s continuing inability to honestly and fully confront its past speaks volumes about its present and future. It is symptomatic of existing insecurities. , q! A0 l( c% j$ t% y4 m
3 e9 }# f; f, L ' P, C' Y# h$ t. X# Q3 yTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Since the autumn of 2009, following the Fourth Plenary Session of the 17th Central Committee, China and the world have witnessed a more repressive and insecure Communist Party, including a slowing of some political reforms undertaken from 1997-2009. www2.tvboxnow.com3 k0 e; \0 Z W' t
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Despite the political stagnation, three sets of reforms have continued: expanding multi-candidate elections to local level party committees; increased transparency in local budgeting and resource allocation; and efforts to improve meritocracy at all levels of the party and government. But efforts to make central policy making more transparent, to prosecute pervasive corruption, to improve “intra-party democracy” and “extra-party supervision,” and to open up the media have all stagnated. TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。" Y! V) K* I/ b0 O9 U. Q& L: z
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- r0 j g0 Y; _4 z3 Dwww2.tvboxnow.comThese reforms all grew out of the party’s study of the collapse of the Soviet Union and other one-party regimes. The main lesson the Chinese Communist Party drew from these foreign examples was to be proactive, flexible and adaptive, and to manage political change from above. Stasis and dogmatism were seen as recipes for stagnation and collapse. + c. G* w( P, p p {! i- u, f+ _4 _- H( h5 m0 f+ A; F) w& D
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What we are witnessing as the party turns 90, however, is the opposite. Instead of being secure and confident, it is seemingly frozen in fear of the future, unsure about its grip over ethnic regions (Tibet, Xinjiang, and Inner Mongolia), afraid of rising social unrest and ad hoc demonstrations, worried about the macro-economy and foreign relations, and on the cusp of a major leadership transition in 2012. www2.tvboxnow.com0 N3 \$ y' |* x( X
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9 z4 z& z; `" h6 v: @, V) }tvb now,tvbnow,bttvbMoreover, a coalition of internal security forces, giant state-owned corporations, the propaganda apparatus, and the military have joined with hard-line elements in the party to pull back from reforms. 公仔箱論壇5 c& ?3 y+ m8 K$ W
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Yet there is a reformist wing in the party, led by Prime Minister Wen Jiabao, which advocates more open politics. But it does not have the resources or allies to re-ignite political reforms. The intra-party cleavage runs high and deep and party members here indicate viewpoints and factions are becoming increasingly polarized. The pending leadership transition only adds to the risk aversion and crackdown. & [8 t# w, l M. R+ G+ c ( l' C: N( w/ {: Y0 U1 xTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。/ g4 h9 A' e* i1 U$ L
China’s Communist Party at 90 is a bit like many 90-year-olds: increasingly infirm, fearful, experimenting with ways to prolong life, but overwhelmed by the complexities of managing it. % X ]2 ~5 \/ O2 n0 @7 {- A5 y; e公仔箱論壇公仔箱論壇. H9 U x% c0 w" i& M* _. c( c
# ]0 K0 a$ I5 c/ u, z$ \8 Y) nwww2.tvboxnow.comDavid Shambaugh is professor and director of the China Policy Program at George Washington University and the author of “China’s Communist Party: Atrophy & Adaptation.” tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb; p; d5 j& {5 M, m4 ]; ~8 z4 v- N
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# Q" o) _# J7 |; Y+ G" g. b2 Htvb now,tvbnow,bttvb關於大饑荒造成的死亡數字,“中國共産黨歷史”第二卷提供了一個數字:“據正式統計,1960年全國總人口比上年減少1000萬。”但是對於三年災難的死亡總人數,則採取了回避的態度。7 _5 m; r+ e L; o
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“瘋狂年代”的“廣闊天地煉紅心”等宣傳畫2006年在北京自由市場上賣。 8 E( C/ K0 P7 q9 w& y3 l' f' |; A公仔箱論壇公仔箱論壇1 R( T6 t* |3 [, x4 W5 G. M) i2 f$ s
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1968年,毛澤東一聲號令,“知識青年到農村去,接受貧下中農的再教育,很有必要”,導致大約1600多萬初中和高中畢業生被派往中國農村地區。這場上山下鄉運動,歷時十多年,影響到的知青佔當時中國城鎮人口的十分之一以上,波及當時中國城鎮大約一半的家庭。公仔箱論壇, Q Z" b0 P5 F' n* f1 W8 y