( _+ I, {0 h8 K2 B) p5 B3 P' T*階級成分論影響幾代人命運*公仔箱論壇5 P z- \0 M. z2 J3 c: }( W
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土改運動的一項重要內容是在農村中劃分階級成分,將農村人口劃分為雇農、貧農、中農、富農和地主。貧雇農是中共依靠的對象,中農是團結的對象,地主和富農被定為剝削階級,是打擊對象。從此,中國農村階級陣線分明,出現了永遠的下等階級,即地主和富農。 6 Z# S) H7 M6 E' QTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。公仔箱論壇4 r5 W+ v+ Q G
中國當代文化批評人葉匡政説:“細究起來,土改的頭等大事倒不是‘土地還家’,因為‘還家’的土地沒過幾年就被‘合作化’了。土改真正的大事是‘劃階級成分’,這劃定的階級成分不僅改變了很多人的下半輩子,甚至影響了幾代人的命運。”www2.tvboxnow.com W" e; s2 P2 X7 q6 [' S+ d
) [, P5 _/ W( qwww2.tvboxnow.com中共當時説,地主富農三年後改變成分,使農村中三年後只有“農民”,不再有剝削階級。但實際上,地主富農的帽子一戴就是三十年,他們的家屬和子女也被壓迫、迫害了三十年。儘管土改中有幾百萬地主被殺,三十年中也一定有一些人被迫害至死或者病故,到1979年中共給所有地富分子“摘帽”時,竟然還有400萬人。再加上他們的家屬和子女,其受迫害者的數量相當可觀。% ?& @( T; D8 w ~0 l X7 M
1 r% ^0 M0 ~: ]9 ETVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 www2.tvboxnow.com! a( O Y$ Q( w6 b* T8 m( ~8 y
- k% y& J+ b& z) i2 X T& E \2 r 註:上文引述有關媒體全文轉貼於樓下 A' V3 N. ?% b, n7 C8 {. e8 Ttvb now,tvbnow,bttvb 2 W' S8 U/ i; o8 k- D/ k# T( M公仔箱論壇作者: aa00 時間: 2011-7-1 11:49 AM
本帖最後由 aa00 於 2011-7-1 11:58 AM 編輯 : b3 |6 y; p c& G3 L6 m 3 o& t; M& w% ^6 N- @, [! t公仔箱論壇I.H.T. Op-Ed Contributor www2.tvboxnow.com2 E+ e8 z. X& \* C* P# S; w
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5 b8 [+ |! W) j5 t3 G9 t" g9 Ftvb now,tvbnow,bttvb : @0 @. }7 B3 z7 w% ~& m公仔箱論壇Great Party, but Where's the Communism? ( O% M6 E. w& C$ j/ Z( Q/ btvb now,tvbnow,bttvb $ K8 o* j9 f/ a' b mtvb now,tvbnow,bttvb 7 g* Z0 e; u: L- \; W8 E" Q! L6 b ( t# Q+ p) s# e; o9 Dwww2.tvboxnow.comBy MINXIN PEIPublished: June 30, 2011 9 t! z8 j1 _( V' x0 c; N# QTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 - i1 O+ M9 D' H9 itvb now,tvbnow,bttvbwww2.tvboxnow.com3 `+ d0 e; u- I! V& g
h8 X8 l! M3 O+ q" M* k* L4 v - P/ }" b+ [4 R" D( @4 x% d- ~0 ptvb now,tvbnow,bttvb . n! i0 K8 L6 s. a8 E5 A公仔箱論壇There is little question that the Chinese Communist Party has come a long way since it was founded 90 years ago by 12 delegates representing roughly 50 members. TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。& Q" }; M! M. i' o2 q6 }
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! H" q6 X: u6 w" N* Wwww2.tvboxnow.comYet however insignificant it may have seemed back then, there was no question about its ideology, identity and mission. Inspired by utopian Marxism, the party represented China’s idealist leftists, nationalists and the downtrodden. Its mission was to end social injustice and Western colonialism. 9 x* }" H3 X x: f/ v% Z
& V" f3 x( ^# twww2.tvboxnow.com ; i c' ]. a6 q2 q" K1 xTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Today the party is a political behemoth, with 80 million members and control of the world’s second-largest economy. At home its grip on power faces no organized challenge; abroad its leaders are accorded a respect Mao and Zhou Enlai could not have dreamed of. TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。3 U3 j; L7 y7 c# L
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Indeed, we should give the party its due for having abandoned the Maoist madness of its first three decades in power — the mass terror, famine, brutal political campaigns and vicious power struggles — and for radically improving the material lives of China’s 1.3 billion people. tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb( B; `4 e2 s. _. i) P
( c* J& K% x' p- k! y( o$ N) l3 z, Atvb now,tvbnow,bttvb ! e' t' v, ]( {公仔箱論壇Yet if asked, “What does the Communist Party stand for,” few Chinese leaders today could give a coherent or honest answer. ! O/ l8 g$ Y% i
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This much we know: It no longer stands for a utopian ideology. If there is one ideology that the party represents, it is the ideology of power. The sole justification for the party’s rule is the imperative to stay in power. / d) `$ h2 r k3 e9 }TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 - q, n- f1 d7 p: y0 R2 w+ l' C$ e ) [, I1 y, {. M4 ^TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Nor does the party stand for China’s masses. Despite efforts to broaden its social base and make it more connected with China’s dynamic and diverse society, the party today has evolved into a self-serving, bureaucratized political patronage machine. It is undeniably an elitist party, with more than 70 percent of its members recruited from government officials, the military, college graduates, businessmen and professionals. tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb% ?& s; w1 N0 L' G4 Z$ \' E( r6 \$ b, S8 Q
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So for all its apparent power, the party is in fact facing an existential crisis and an uncertain future. Apart from staying in power, it has no public purpose. The crisis is not only ideological, but also political; it explains much of the cynicism, corruption and insecurity of the party and its elites. 5 i8 ?! ~% ^. j' X 1 D: o! D: ]. R( a4 a+ Q7 Ptvb now,tvbnow,bttvb - |4 x7 k% p2 k0 L# oAs the party has firmly rejected democratization, its only strategy for survival is to maintain the course it has embarked on since the Tiananmen crackdown in June 1989: drawing political legitimacy from economic growth but relying on repression to crush challenges to its monopoly of power. Although this strategy has worked well since Tiananmen, its effectiveness and sustainability are increasingly in doubt. O' E! w3 F+ o
4 D! ]3 b9 o+ o4 ETVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 4 f* L M6 \+ }* U/ a" s" @8 ^* _On the economic front, growth is about to slow down. Demographic aging, resource constraints, stalled economic reforms and environmental degradation are almost certain to depress China’s growth potential. An optimistic World Bank forecast predicts a growth rate from 2016-2020 of about 7 percent annually — a respectable number, but a 30 percent drop from today’s rate. TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。! x& j( U* e$ e5 {( B, }' P( d: E% q/ W
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China’s economic revolution is also unleashing powerful social forces that will make maintaining a one-party state more tenuous. The party’s governing philosophy and organizational structure make it difficult to incorporate China’s growing middle-class politically. The convergence of an economic slowdown and rising political activism will challenge the party’s rule from several directions. tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb6 \: |) K! J+ g- z
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, ]: s; n, F- y. t6 v; y! }( ^TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Now that the Chinese Communist Party has been in power for 62 years, its leaders might also want to note that the record for one-party rule is 74 years, held by the Soviet party, followed by the 71-year rein of Mexico’s Institutional Revolutionary Party. / Y8 m+ M4 ~+ ?( s9 ltvb now,tvbnow,bttvb3 k7 n; R2 o' w
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So when Chinese leaders toast their party’s 90th birthday, they should harbor no illusions that the party can beat history’s odds forever. 2 E8 F9 D7 I/ L, p- I2 c% b. E8 K& e
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3 X' A. R/ U' A( Q4 E( b Minxin Pei is a professor of government at Claremont McKenna College in California. * _$ \6 u" ]+ Fwww2.tvboxnow.com : ~ c$ ]) b& x$ [$ j% q+ [8 S/ d& Awww2.tvboxnow.com 7 C" w$ z3 {9 K ^5 o' \* N; d% RTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 " x3 R) A* X. n8 s/ K公仔箱論壇 7 \( [& o9 b4 y Z. Cwww2.tvboxnow.com來源 / 版權所有: 《紐約時報》TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。/ k6 `: n5 w" \8 O- a
(以上内容摘自或摘译自 《紐約時報》,不代表發帖者观点)作者: aa00 時間: 2011-7-1 11:56 AM
8 ~' n! u c5 y* V0 h/ w* r/ X, F + ~0 R0 S) @& i! ?1 G0 ^China's Communist Party at 90 : w1 I# E9 v. F$ b, n; c4 R/ _公仔箱論壇: f, H2 D, v2 [- F1 E
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By DAVID SHAMBAUGHPublished: June 30, 2011 4 b1 u1 R5 d+ RTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。6 W3 y0 |3 {! E% _
' o3 `: x6 {4 b' u0 t8 r8 E! b# C公仔箱論壇BEIJING — Nationwide ceremonies and a deluge of media coverage have been mobilized by China’s ruling Communist Party to mark its 90th anniversary today. But all the hoopla cannot conceal the party’s insecure state. 4 e0 c% x7 ~6 A' X( eTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 3 y, Q0 Q9 L; a$ W& [+ [www2.tvboxnow.comTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。" |$ C$ y$ q1 s- Q' z! y% m
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Central China Television (CCTV) has been airing long narrative documentaries about the party’s history; bookstores are full of red-covered histories; museums have mounted special exhibitions — including the new National Museum’s “Road to Rejuvenation.” And the buildup will be capped by a nationwide address by the party’s general secretary, President Hu Jintao. tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb. b+ T4 Q; |) z0 r( \
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The main theme in all these celebrations has been that the party has provided China prosperity and dignity following a “century of shame and humiliation.” The narrative of past aggression and aggrievement is pervasive, as is the affirmation that the party has rebuilt Chinese society and restored China’s rightful place in the world. 5 D4 B1 ]' q+ J' k* {6 @% [www2.tvboxnow.com 5 Z& o- V# e% D8 F+ uwww2.tvboxnow.com c) ]6 Z5 \: C$ S
Accompanying the festivities is an unprecedented official look into the party’s past. After 16 years of preparation, the Central Party History Research Office has produced a 1,000-plus-page compendium of the party’s history from 1949 to 1978 (post-1978 apparently remains too politically sensitive because many of the officials involved are still in power). TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。, w' p' h5 }, H# ~" ~
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While the tome provides many new details of sensitive events during the Mao era, it is still highly selective and largely in step with the master narrative laid down in the 1982 publication: “Certain Questions in Our Party’s History.” ( v; `0 u) }( atvb now,tvbnow,bttvb % D# z# J! J/ b! L% M9 U# q- @+ otvb now,tvbnow,bttvbwww2.tvboxnow.com5 L2 e1 z9 f' \) G5 B& l& }
Nowhere mentioned is the violence of political campaigns during the 1950s that cost the lives of tens of millions (some of the campaigns are discussed, but not the persecutions and killings). The 1956 Hundred Flowers Movement, in which intellectuals launched broadside critiques of party rule (many which remain apt today), is totally absent. Only the subsequent “Anti-Rightist” purge is covered (in a sanitized fashion) — but not Deng Xiaoping’s role in directing it. 公仔箱論壇7 }3 k9 y( k4 Z0 g; L
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The Great Leap Forward, which produced the “three bitter years” (1960-62) and claimed the lives of up to 45 million, according to new archival research by the historian Frank Dikotter, and the Cultural Revolution (1966-76) receive substantial treatment. But both catastrophes are essentially attributed to the usurping of party rule by “leftist opportunists” like Lin Biao, Jiang Qing and the Gang of Four. TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。% K: y* x! c& |; m h2 b$ R' R* N- n
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Mao himself does come in for criticism, but overall the blame is shifted to others. Mao’s successor Hua Guofeng does benefit from a posthumous “rehabilitation,” but no such luck for the disgraced Zhao Ziyang. % X5 J. L) {7 g
7 C; X& r! `5 ~+ K F1 i, HTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 5 d6 y8 s% M9 } T( jwww2.tvboxnow.comThe official treatment of these events is clear: maintain a strong institutional apparatus and remain vigilant against inner-party usurpers and foreign saboteurs. Thus, even in the midst of an anniversary celebration, the party’s continuing inability to honestly and fully confront its past speaks volumes about its present and future. It is symptomatic of existing insecurities. 公仔箱論壇9 z" r! f" m% o; D, J7 I* ]
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5 {$ o3 E* ?. O& l {TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Since the autumn of 2009, following the Fourth Plenary Session of the 17th Central Committee, China and the world have witnessed a more repressive and insecure Communist Party, including a slowing of some political reforms undertaken from 1997-2009. TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。% ?- J, j9 x( }( i ]) i3 y: o
$ U$ S6 N1 m. Dwww2.tvboxnow.com 5 w3 `6 w( }+ X& I! n* ZDespite the political stagnation, three sets of reforms have continued: expanding multi-candidate elections to local level party committees; increased transparency in local budgeting and resource allocation; and efforts to improve meritocracy at all levels of the party and government. But efforts to make central policy making more transparent, to prosecute pervasive corruption, to improve “intra-party democracy” and “extra-party supervision,” and to open up the media have all stagnated. ' j5 D. x5 G: U9 [5 X/ _
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9 x9 @( F4 O5 G& L8 M) z9 ?# R" |& V公仔箱論壇These reforms all grew out of the party’s study of the collapse of the Soviet Union and other one-party regimes. The main lesson the Chinese Communist Party drew from these foreign examples was to be proactive, flexible and adaptive, and to manage political change from above. Stasis and dogmatism were seen as recipes for stagnation and collapse. # _) A$ L. X6 m- n% m1 m
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What we are witnessing as the party turns 90, however, is the opposite. Instead of being secure and confident, it is seemingly frozen in fear of the future, unsure about its grip over ethnic regions (Tibet, Xinjiang, and Inner Mongolia), afraid of rising social unrest and ad hoc demonstrations, worried about the macro-economy and foreign relations, and on the cusp of a major leadership transition in 2012. tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb" T; l& ^5 ]7 [% F7 L( ?
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Moreover, a coalition of internal security forces, giant state-owned corporations, the propaganda apparatus, and the military have joined with hard-line elements in the party to pull back from reforms. & W6 |3 a$ v6 e4 f0 F' htvb now,tvbnow,bttvb# `1 p. v% [7 i) a4 V; ~; p `+ r( @
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Yet there is a reformist wing in the party, led by Prime Minister Wen Jiabao, which advocates more open politics. But it does not have the resources or allies to re-ignite political reforms. The intra-party cleavage runs high and deep and party members here indicate viewpoints and factions are becoming increasingly polarized. The pending leadership transition only adds to the risk aversion and crackdown. tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb; m( I; @8 p# v ?, v% L2 x
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China’s Communist Party at 90 is a bit like many 90-year-olds: increasingly infirm, fearful, experimenting with ways to prolong life, but overwhelmed by the complexities of managing it. + U' B- Y! Q. H* \; b+ u公仔箱論壇TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。! B. m: o" ^! r, f: M, m8 C
公仔箱論壇2 b; Q8 ]( V0 P' F2 ~ David Shambaugh is professor and director of the China Policy Program at George Washington University and the author of “China’s Communist Party: Atrophy & Adaptation.” - s9 c9 O2 ^! g! d+ Bwww2.tvboxnow.comtvb now,tvbnow,bttvb2 {5 J/ _" |" \" ^
) t" F, d9 P& U6 m" q- BTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。另一個事實是,中國民間的怨憤從中共政治開始至今一直存在,前30年主要是針對毛澤東的無處不在的政治高壓,後30年則演變為對中共黨員和官僚貪污腐敗、以及貧富差距越來越大的憤怒。tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb$ [( a, H P3 @7 @5 a* X) ?
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0 }: S6 S% v$ d2 O. w- w" {7 {公仔箱論壇許多網民在網上發表此類評論:當年利用社會底層對國民黨政府的極大不滿起家的中國共產黨,現在已經變成了壓制工農等社會基層人民的政府,所以中國共產黨是沒有前途可言的。tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb3 K1 L3 i1 V3 c4 j
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# L- R6 ^) P* f) x有網民在BBC中文網上發表評論說,幾十年前人民選擇了中國共產黨,就是因為中共黨人真心為民謀福。而現在一小撮黨內資產階級特權派與既得利益集團相勾結,中飽私囊,貪污腐化,不顧人民的呼聲和利益。 & H5 R# L2 O x2 wwww2.tvboxnow.com TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。/ b! i- e. ]: q* N$ r. y
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中國官方在6月中旬推出宣傳片《建黨偉業》在全國公映,本意是為慶祝建黨90週年,但有網民在網上譏諷的評論說,這部刻畫共產黨人在建黨初期同強權和腐敗鬥爭的影片,卻讓人聯想到今天中國的強權腐敗盛行的現實。TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。, M1 }- U2 h8 r5 f5 r
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本周早些時候,中國中央民族大學的趙士林教授發表公開信,批評鋪張奢侈的建黨宣傳,並勸誡中共不要再把共產黨道德化、神聖化、色彩化、封建化。趙士林教授的公開信引起普遍共鳴。7 c1 G5 ~: M0 Z5 {! e* p( `
) W7 I! |* M o& W' U3 X' gTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 , J/ z, ~. ^2 ~0 wtvb now,tvbnow,bttvb所以,儘管中國各地正呈現一派「普天同慶」的「歌舞升平」景象,但被比喻為「活火山」的民怨何時會爆發,爆發量又會有多大,卻讓一黨專政62年的中國共產黨越來越擔心。 ! S7 [. _" \; L1 etvb now,tvbnow,bttvb 公仔箱論壇" v. d* K0 V# _, h/ X
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TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。5 ~$ ]/ }* n; h7 a) q3 y" k
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來源 / 版權所有: BBC ; W4 R4 X( J( b( pTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。(以上内容摘自或摘译自 BBC,不代表發帖者观点)作者: aa00 時間: 2011-7-2 02:28 PM
90年的变与不变 公仔箱論壇! A ~0 h) q$ n# I7 J
7 ^4 A8 e1 t9 ]' a9 l1 I : s) T# @! }( I4 ~: s0 H1 _ ' J W' Y* g M) uGroßansicht des Bildes mit der Bildunterschrift: ' V5 D! q# V0 O! X6 c$ h1 Ptvb now,tvbnow,bttvb! p( }% H' ~$ a" N8 H
TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。- Z) S0 D3 r l( q V
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今年7月1日是中国共产党建党90周年的日子。今天的中共已经放松了诸多意识形态上的禁锢,允许一些新的尝试,不过中国的一党独大90年来铁杆不动。 " F! K4 @9 y, E7 j4 T ) e/ n9 |$ E7 X: C! S. Z 8 d2 e$ G3 i( k2 p中国给西方的感觉很复杂:又钦佩向往,又存有畏惧。由中国共产党执政的这个人口大国在经济上创造了一个又一个的奇迹。从1980年至今,中国的国内生产总值翻了30番。中华人民共和国现在已经是全球第二大经济实体。国际货币基金组织还大胆预言,至2020年,中国将取代美国在经济上称雄世界。' C p2 ^. J$ q% b8 V
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北京政府现在就拥有全球第一大外汇储备近3万亿美元,这一数字还在不断增加。中国政府TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。+ g; S% m! g7 `: D. v