M) q6 N. i" e2 Z4 d5 q6 c然而,由於共產黨拒絕創設民主機制和值得信賴的政治機制以解決社會矛盾,許多人只得求助法院,但時常失望而歸。首先,共產黨有時會禁止法院受理某些糾紛;其次,共產黨利用對法官的影響力,使許多「敏感」案件「未審先判」;第三,中國法律教育雖已大大進步,許多法官仍缺乏專業能力;第四,個人關係、政治紐帶、腐敗以及作祟的地方保護主義常常扭曲司法決策;最後,真正的訴訟有賴於律師,但在不太發達的地區,律師數量很少;且無論在哪裡,律師都須避免「冒犯」地方當局。公仔箱論壇* T, J z; p- ?/ u
3 q h* f: m( s' ^( S胡平也指出,以後的中國人逐步習慣了共産黨殘酷的統治方式:“最大的負面(影響)就是使人慢慢地習慣這種殘酷。而且可以習慣到這個地步,以至於這麼多人會相信,如果沒有這種殘酷,社會就亂了,就不行了。他都會相信到這個程度。就像現在很多人都知道共産黨是個壓迫性政權,但是説,哎呀,要是沒有那麼壓迫性的政權,那中國就亂套了。 他都可以相信到這個程度。這種大規模不間斷的鎮壓可以使人們對這種理性的、正常的人際關係、正常的秩序完全失去信心。”公仔箱論壇2 U% _2 x1 T X/ v
8 l6 g" ~3 Z* R7 ` L* D公仔箱論壇中國當代文化批評人葉匡政説:“細究起來,土改的頭等大事倒不是‘土地還家’,因為‘還家’的土地沒過幾年就被‘合作化’了。土改真正的大事是‘劃階級成分’,這劃定的階級成分不僅改變了很多人的下半輩子,甚至影響了幾代人的命運。”www2.tvboxnow.com6 B7 n1 U7 S4 i$ p# u. i M) r
本帖最後由 aa00 於 2011-7-1 11:58 AM 編輯 8 S! R/ ^8 V+ s3 H# M9 c公仔箱論壇1 p, P2 A8 N, w: S9 a1 y" N' k
I.H.T. Op-Ed Contributor # c4 z" ~2 ^% \3 ^6 f: U) P. ]www2.tvboxnow.comTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。) y- E$ O2 V4 w; T9 R+ X4 R9 P
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TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。' o" O& i# C6 I& X+ ~ Great Party, but Where's the Communism? 7 G1 o. k) A8 ^( F6 utvb now,tvbnow,bttvb ( a: S+ e3 @. g6 f) m/ Ttvb now,tvbnow,bttvb 8 k2 v; T0 X) z, g ( t# M- k( t/ t4 zBy MINXIN PEIPublished: June 30, 2011 ( b# S$ A+ a+ Z+ N3 Mtvb now,tvbnow,bttvb 8 {' Q$ i( H6 s: }* W$ w9 ~ ! F5 p0 S+ ] `' z) I1 ^4 S公仔箱論壇TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。, z5 z. a6 Q) A o% a" E, t A
' b1 h& m5 G7 K |TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 / S7 j, e- @) ^% f0 xtvb now,tvbnow,bttvbThere is little question that the Chinese Communist Party has come a long way since it was founded 90 years ago by 12 delegates representing roughly 50 members. # W5 j; Q" C/ k6 i- v+ |& s( Nwww2.tvboxnow.comwww2.tvboxnow.com+ j7 M% ?: @ O$ ^) ~
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Yet however insignificant it may have seemed back then, there was no question about its ideology, identity and mission. Inspired by utopian Marxism, the party represented China’s idealist leftists, nationalists and the downtrodden. Its mission was to end social injustice and Western colonialism. 公仔箱論壇* p/ o- F' a3 ^- L( K* t: v
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Today the party is a political behemoth, with 80 million members and control of the world’s second-largest economy. At home its grip on power faces no organized challenge; abroad its leaders are accorded a respect Mao and Zhou Enlai could not have dreamed of. " J$ e, P7 N7 H' S! p* B% f 1 h0 c( d$ ^; v6 QTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。4 v% X) J9 Q# e0 L+ a
Indeed, we should give the party its due for having abandoned the Maoist madness of its first three decades in power — the mass terror, famine, brutal political campaigns and vicious power struggles — and for radically improving the material lives of China’s 1.3 billion people. 6 n/ M; a( B' x% b1 e+ T
6 ^7 Q: v L% m! l( F& m3 a * p8 Q2 `! B5 k* b1 {% K* Qtvb now,tvbnow,bttvbYet if asked, “What does the Communist Party stand for,” few Chinese leaders today could give a coherent or honest answer. ( }( r$ p* ?) E0 D; U/ |公仔箱論壇TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。! D/ z) I( \4 E* q0 V' u/ `6 D
7 H# x* w* h/ |& q8 uThis much we know: It no longer stands for a utopian ideology. If there is one ideology that the party represents, it is the ideology of power. The sole justification for the party’s rule is the imperative to stay in power. www2.tvboxnow.com9 J5 q9 W2 a: S. I
X ^' O$ Y. V/ V: w/ |7 p 3 ?: n$ j7 ]6 H! b, i% e8 T' Xwww2.tvboxnow.comNor does the party stand for China’s masses. Despite efforts to broaden its social base and make it more connected with China’s dynamic and diverse society, the party today has evolved into a self-serving, bureaucratized political patronage machine. It is undeniably an elitist party, with more than 70 percent of its members recruited from government officials, the military, college graduates, businessmen and professionals. $ K, S6 a# m. F( g( a& Vwww2.tvboxnow.com ) W" e+ ?1 y/ L4 }www2.tvboxnow.comtvb now,tvbnow,bttvb) q" K) S5 k) _0 v/ z4 b
So for all its apparent power, the party is in fact facing an existential crisis and an uncertain future. Apart from staying in power, it has no public purpose. The crisis is not only ideological, but also political; it explains much of the cynicism, corruption and insecurity of the party and its elites. 8 b" [) D% ?7 ]5 s# C" i8 K. B公仔箱論壇 * O2 h! i) i+ z公仔箱論壇 9 V$ M% G# F$ L) r; i3 U5 Ptvb now,tvbnow,bttvbAs the party has firmly rejected democratization, its only strategy for survival is to maintain the course it has embarked on since the Tiananmen crackdown in June 1989: drawing political legitimacy from economic growth but relying on repression to crush challenges to its monopoly of power. Although this strategy has worked well since Tiananmen, its effectiveness and sustainability are increasingly in doubt. 2 \' Z0 R3 {9 sTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 & c1 O" `7 f* ^2 i. M公仔箱論壇: O" w0 R5 p" D- K6 \" ~# B
On the economic front, growth is about to slow down. Demographic aging, resource constraints, stalled economic reforms and environmental degradation are almost certain to depress China’s growth potential. An optimistic World Bank forecast predicts a growth rate from 2016-2020 of about 7 percent annually — a respectable number, but a 30 percent drop from today’s rate. 9 r: j; H% e+ L6 ewww2.tvboxnow.com6 m* J6 _8 u! X; z0 d
- X; u: u+ c# C) E& d, ?! |www2.tvboxnow.comChina’s economic revolution is also unleashing powerful social forces that will make maintaining a one-party state more tenuous. The party’s governing philosophy and organizational structure make it difficult to incorporate China’s growing middle-class politically. The convergence of an economic slowdown and rising political activism will challenge the party’s rule from several directions. , I8 A4 h( h# z9 dwww2.tvboxnow.com + H+ p9 w4 d+ Jtvb now,tvbnow,bttvb, C) w% w, H0 A, Z* a# A8 X
Now that the Chinese Communist Party has been in power for 62 years, its leaders might also want to note that the record for one-party rule is 74 years, held by the Soviet party, followed by the 71-year rein of Mexico’s Institutional Revolutionary Party. www2.tvboxnow.com1 h/ @$ V5 O; E7 ^* W2 ?1 W* c
' ?4 _/ @5 H+ X# `! r" O0 k! Q0 I2 g公仔箱論壇 1 t+ H6 F' s3 z0 I2 t# s6 m$ btvb now,tvbnow,bttvbSo when Chinese leaders toast their party’s 90th birthday, they should harbor no illusions that the party can beat history’s odds forever. tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb- N6 o8 N( ?( O- o. i6 X; o) I
+ d) N5 z8 S4 s* ^, `( G . R# n/ D7 N4 n$ O) MTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Minxin Pei is a professor of government at Claremont McKenna College in California. 5 o0 s; v8 n8 J( ]$ z, f公仔箱論壇TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。( [4 e8 _: N. N9 I$ R$ u
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- F% [4 a2 z+ r! D3 G* S7 k$ rTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。By DAVID SHAMBAUGHPublished: June 30, 2011 8 d! w/ ]% v' ?& x 7 c) ]7 V" c& k* z6 P6 E 6 d3 O' {% d( R8 s' qBEIJING — Nationwide ceremonies and a deluge of media coverage have been mobilized by China’s ruling Communist Party to mark its 90th anniversary today. But all the hoopla cannot conceal the party’s insecure state. 公仔箱論壇# R# M+ k& q1 A" E! f
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Central China Television (CCTV) has been airing long narrative documentaries about the party’s history; bookstores are full of red-covered histories; museums have mounted special exhibitions — including the new National Museum’s “Road to Rejuvenation.” And the buildup will be capped by a nationwide address by the party’s general secretary, President Hu Jintao. tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb; L+ F7 D% U2 Z, Q' Y
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The main theme in all these celebrations has been that the party has provided China prosperity and dignity following a “century of shame and humiliation.” The narrative of past aggression and aggrievement is pervasive, as is the affirmation that the party has rebuilt Chinese society and restored China’s rightful place in the world. . b6 a. }- f2 k" ?www2.tvboxnow.com) Y9 y4 E; {2 p7 r
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Accompanying the festivities is an unprecedented official look into the party’s past. After 16 years of preparation, the Central Party History Research Office has produced a 1,000-plus-page compendium of the party’s history from 1949 to 1978 (post-1978 apparently remains too politically sensitive because many of the officials involved are still in power). / b. }2 c; o+ D" ~* ^6 P
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TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。- i* o/ d! ^' M+ g/ @/ {
While the tome provides many new details of sensitive events during the Mao era, it is still highly selective and largely in step with the master narrative laid down in the 1982 publication: “Certain Questions in Our Party’s History.” 公仔箱論壇' W5 z0 o' k/ |- t/ K( d. B
4 e: k9 G6 W* gTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 4 ~7 z. ~/ C3 s' L6 e$ z) U, Z2 v& MTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Nowhere mentioned is the violence of political campaigns during the 1950s that cost the lives of tens of millions (some of the campaigns are discussed, but not the persecutions and killings). The 1956 Hundred Flowers Movement, in which intellectuals launched broadside critiques of party rule (many which remain apt today), is totally absent. Only the subsequent “Anti-Rightist” purge is covered (in a sanitized fashion) — but not Deng Xiaoping’s role in directing it. 公仔箱論壇2 ?0 _& g, w2 T* G& j; {# l" H& |
TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。, u9 m# [( Z; d& Q
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The Great Leap Forward, which produced the “three bitter years” (1960-62) and claimed the lives of up to 45 million, according to new archival research by the historian Frank Dikotter, and the Cultural Revolution (1966-76) receive substantial treatment. But both catastrophes are essentially attributed to the usurping of party rule by “leftist opportunists” like Lin Biao, Jiang Qing and the Gang of Four. , Q! u/ D1 X! V- |$ h5 A6 Mwww2.tvboxnow.com 7 y- v9 v2 g2 u公仔箱論壇 0 @7 _5 a4 r ~& \) E- p! ~TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Mao himself does come in for criticism, but overall the blame is shifted to others. Mao’s successor Hua Guofeng does benefit from a posthumous “rehabilitation,” but no such luck for the disgraced Zhao Ziyang. 4 T7 z8 y \& q0 T9 [- d " w9 H/ K/ f2 v# [公仔箱論壇8 C, a: M/ s; u4 r# M
The official treatment of these events is clear: maintain a strong institutional apparatus and remain vigilant against inner-party usurpers and foreign saboteurs. Thus, even in the midst of an anniversary celebration, the party’s continuing inability to honestly and fully confront its past speaks volumes about its present and future. It is symptomatic of existing insecurities. tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb9 s- n) C+ u6 h- L# M, |- O
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TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。: B; y, ]- ?. v4 X. |6 X0 n4 Z
Since the autumn of 2009, following the Fourth Plenary Session of the 17th Central Committee, China and the world have witnessed a more repressive and insecure Communist Party, including a slowing of some political reforms undertaken from 1997-2009. www2.tvboxnow.com8 X$ U) D% Y4 g# i! N
TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。) B/ _% p2 u2 G' H4 g, y6 c
) @/ D, f) r8 ]! `TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Despite the political stagnation, three sets of reforms have continued: expanding multi-candidate elections to local level party committees; increased transparency in local budgeting and resource allocation; and efforts to improve meritocracy at all levels of the party and government. But efforts to make central policy making more transparent, to prosecute pervasive corruption, to improve “intra-party democracy” and “extra-party supervision,” and to open up the media have all stagnated. # l: u Y1 T: n3 Y: ^) M" Htvb now,tvbnow,bttvb 7 }% Q4 m D# M) F! r8 Q5 i6 bTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb- n$ ]# |5 Q/ {
These reforms all grew out of the party’s study of the collapse of the Soviet Union and other one-party regimes. The main lesson the Chinese Communist Party drew from these foreign examples was to be proactive, flexible and adaptive, and to manage political change from above. Stasis and dogmatism were seen as recipes for stagnation and collapse. 公仔箱論壇5 [( u" R h" t/ Y. Q& y( O
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TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。4 G2 v! y1 ]6 o' L8 `
What we are witnessing as the party turns 90, however, is the opposite. Instead of being secure and confident, it is seemingly frozen in fear of the future, unsure about its grip over ethnic regions (Tibet, Xinjiang, and Inner Mongolia), afraid of rising social unrest and ad hoc demonstrations, worried about the macro-economy and foreign relations, and on the cusp of a major leadership transition in 2012. 0 B* r$ f- k9 m% Z9 W% W9 F! z公仔箱論壇tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb- Z- b& {% z! |% B
! \0 x& d: M3 yMoreover, a coalition of internal security forces, giant state-owned corporations, the propaganda apparatus, and the military have joined with hard-line elements in the party to pull back from reforms. ! d, _1 v5 j/ S$ _+ F0 J: vtvb now,tvbnow,bttvb+ B. P+ s/ `7 [4 P S! M
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Yet there is a reformist wing in the party, led by Prime Minister Wen Jiabao, which advocates more open politics. But it does not have the resources or allies to re-ignite political reforms. The intra-party cleavage runs high and deep and party members here indicate viewpoints and factions are becoming increasingly polarized. The pending leadership transition only adds to the risk aversion and crackdown. / \, r% }- p8 w9 ^. B' L a公仔箱論壇 ' ?- Q d1 n! m6 e( n8 T公仔箱論壇5 X: U6 ^ U2 b& z: D- ~8 n2 C/ q% L
China’s Communist Party at 90 is a bit like many 90-year-olds: increasingly infirm, fearful, experimenting with ways to prolong life, but overwhelmed by the complexities of managing it. 0 z: R$ G9 F) R& ?2 W" @: F: n, Xwww2.tvboxnow.com6 ?, Y, Y+ L* J/ `- X/ [5 j
* y( r( B3 f" A/ N% O. H6 |2 _www2.tvboxnow.comDavid Shambaugh is professor and director of the China Policy Program at George Washington University and the author of “China’s Communist Party: Atrophy & Adaptation.” + F, I5 p0 ]6 ^ d
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0 f o, j. W P% Z G" G: j公仔箱論壇 # l( t4 A$ b. n) @TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。更新時間 2011年6月30日, 格林尼治標準時間16:10 tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb% \) Z b' E8 W0 K/ x# g {
* a1 r( O8 m+ w ) z( W& g! }3 F' S3 ]$ Q 7月1日是已經一黨專政62年的中國共產黨建黨90週年。中國大陸為此隆重慶祝,慶祝方式中最不同與以往的就是大唱「紅歌」,甚至許多地區連宗教界也高唱紅歌,來慶祝共產黨的黨慶。 ( o* n% p6 h' R: C2 wwww2.tvboxnow.com # L( |/ `# P0 }1 D. c& c
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在90週年大慶的前夕,中國新華社發表長篇英文評論說,只有共產黨才能救中國,這是中國人民的選擇,也是中國發展的唯一道路。 ! W. j( |) F9 a& c! J+ T' u , R& F, Q5 C7 V! B- ntvb now,tvbnow,bttvb " T: {# N5 X8 K- ?- g
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今年7月1日是中國共產黨建黨90週年 - G) T% d0 K9 S: ctvb now,tvbnow,bttvb $ Q7 b; i+ Y7 S. G! \* ?1 f3 \/ {tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb- k2 s, V% }, U) @