Baseball is a bat-and-ball sport played between two teams of nine players each. The goal of baseball is to score runs by hitting a thrown ball with a bat and touching a series of four markers called bases arranged at the corners of a ninety-foot square, or diamond. Players on one team (the offense) take turns hitting while the other team (the defense) tries to stop them from scoring runs by getting hitters out in any of several ways. A player on offense can stop at any of the bases and hope to score on a teammate's hit. The teams switch between offense and defense whenever the team on defense gets three outs. One turn on offense for each team constitutes an inning; nine innings make up a professional game. The team with the most runs at the end of the game wins. ; _% h a- a# J/ {/ @* z& V3 I# C$ k6 C4 [$ h7 n
In North America, professional Major League Baseball teams are divided into the National League (NL) and American League (AL). Each league has three divisions: East, West, and Central. Every year, the champion of Major League Baseball is determined by playoffs culminating in the World Series. Four teams make the playoffs from each league: the three regular season division winners, plus one wild card team. The wild card is the team with the best record among the non–division winners in the league. In the National League, the pitcher is required to bat, per the traditional rules. In the American League, there is a tenth player, a designated hitter, who bats for the pitcher. Each major league team has a "farm system" of minor league teams at various levels. These teams allow younger players to develop as they gain on-field experience against opponents with similar levels of skill.作者: fcuk9394 時間: 2007-11-5 05:51 AM
Baseball is played between two teams of nine players each on a baseball field, under the authority of one or more officials, called umpires. There are usually four umpires in major league games; up to six (and as few as one) may officiate depending on the league and the importance of the game. There are four bases. Numbered counter-clockwise, first, second and third bases are cushions (sometimes informally referred to as bags) shaped as 15 in (38 cm) squares which are raised a short distance above the ground; together with home plate, the fourth "base," they form a square with sides of 90 ft (27.4 m) called the diamond. Home base (plate) is a pentagonal rubber slab known as simply home. The playing field is divided into three main sections:www2.tvboxnow.com2 Y3 c7 A+ k$ D8 V4 h
/ d/ Z8 A _& I: C. u1 VTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。The infield, containing the four bases, is for general defensive purposes bounded by the foul lines and within the grass(or AstroTurf) line (see figure). ( G2 h3 z, b* U' Lwww2.tvboxnow.comThe outfield is the grassed area beyond the infield grass line between the foul lines, and bounded by a wall or fence. 7 M7 R5 D B8 ^0 ?/ R1 U6 c3 `% V
Foul territory is the entire area outside the foul lines.作者: fcuk9394 時間: 2007-11-5 05:52 AM
作者: felixng2007 時間: 2007-11-5 06:16 AM 標題: 棒球介紹
運動員以揮棒擊球與跑壘得分為特點的一項球類團隊運動。 ' W3 _# A& r" O5 f1 e, B, O1 Q+ v& s. U
十七世紀英國的板球和一種叫做「跑圈子」的運動，算是棒球的老祖宗，之後再由英國的移民傳至美國，演變成今日的棒球。真正確立棒球的名稱，並將遊戲規則修訂的是1839年美國紐約州的艾伯勒‧達伯爾戴，棒球(Baseball) 名稱即是他根據棒球器材之壘包 (base)而定的。棒球史上舉世公認的最大功臣，首推美國的「棒球之父」亨利‧賈特威克和亞歷山大‧卡特雷特，此二人將棒球規則作一整理，也使得分記錄從此有依據。其中卡特雷特還規定球場為各壘包間距27.4公尺的正方形，每隊九名球員，刺殺出局並改以用球觸人方式。棒球統一規則，從1845年起初具雛型便沿用至今，國際棒球規則從最先的十三條發展成今天的一千多條。從十九世紀五○年代起，棒球比賽逐日正規化，俱樂部、聯盟及組織等相繼成立，隨後1869年世界第一支職業棒球隊─美國的辛辛那提隊正式成軍，迄今棒球在世界各地掀起的熱潮，早已超乎前人之想像。9 \. N% a# _# k) b0 ~1 b5 h
History of baseball in the United States W) w+ k7 p( R" M, r- K wtvb now,tvbnow,bttvb" O6 n6 D* ]9 N' z7 m9 J' g
Semiprofessional baseball started in the United States in the 1860s; in 1869, the first fully professional baseball club, the Cincinnati Red Stockings, was formed and went undefeated against a schedule of semipro and amateur teams. By the following decade, American newspapers were referring to baseball as the "National Pastime" or "National Game." The first attempt at forming a "major league" was the National Association, which lasted from 1871 to 1875. The "major league" status of the NA is in dispute among present-day baseball historians, and Major League Baseball does not include the NA among the major leagues. The National League, which still exists, was founded in 1876 in response to the NA's shortcomings. Several other major leagues formed and failed, but the American League, which evolved from the minor Western League (1893) and was established in 1901 as a major league, succeeded. The two leagues were initially rivals that actively fought for the best players, often disregarding one another's contracts and engaging in bitter legal disputes. A modicum of peace was established in 1903, and the World Series was inaugurated that fall. The next year, however, the National League champion New York Giants did not participate as their manager, John McGraw, refused to recognize the major league status of the American League and its champion, the Boston Americans. The following year, McGraw relented and the Giants played the Philadelphia Athletics in the World Series.www2.tvboxnow.com! ~( _7 A- c: M6 F4 [# @
TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。0 b! A* M3 l! r, q7 e6 w4 H
Compared with the present day, games in the early part of the 20th century were lower scoring and pitchers were more successful. The "inside game", whose nature was to "scratch for runs", was played more violently and aggressively than it is today. Ty Cobb said of his era especially, "Baseball is something like a war!" This period, which has since become known as the "dead-ball era", ended in the 1920s with several rule changes that gave advantages to hitters and the rise of the legendary baseball player Babe Ruth, who showed the world what power hitting could produce, altering the nature of the game. Two of the changes introduced were a move to bring the outfield fences closer to the infield in the largest parks, and an introduction of extremely strict rules governing the size, shape and construction of the ball, causing it to travel farther when hit; the aggregate result of these two changes was to enable batters to hit many more home runs.作者: SUNCLOUDY1234 時間: 2007-11-6 04:09 AM
In 1884, African American Moses Walker (and, briefly, his brother Welday) had played for the Toledo Blue Stockings of the major league American Association. An injury ended Walker's major league career, and by the early 1890s, a "gentlemen's agreement" in the form of the baseball color line effectively barred African-American players from the majors and their affiliated minor leagues, resulting in the formation of several Negro Leagues. The first crack in the agreement occurred in 1946, when Jackie Robinson was signed by the National League's Brooklyn Dodgers and began playing for their minor league team in Montreal. Finally, in 1947, the major leagues' color barrier was broken when Robinson debuted with the Dodgers. Although the transformation was not instantaneous, baseball has since become fully integrated.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb* ^. }9 l9 ~6 O% i6 @& @
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Major League baseball finally made it to the West Coast of the United States in 1958, when the Brooklyn Dodgers and New York Giants relocated to Los Angeles and San Francisco respectively. The first American League team on the West Coast was the Los Angeles Angels, who were founded as an expansion team in 1961. . u* P" k" f0 |% S; U7 j! }9 W : j1 u8 C5 E4 i* i. _3 s- zwww2.tvboxnow.comPitchers dominated the game in the 1960s and early 1970s. In the early 1970s the designated hitter (DH) rule was proposed. The American League adopted this rule in 1973, though pitchers still bat for themselves in the National League to this day. The DH rule now constitutes the primary difference between the two leagues. 4 z- s3 s( P9 Y4 P公仔箱論壇TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。$ X2 }! J( ^1 h
Despite the popularity of baseball, and the attendant high salaries relative to those of average Americans, the players have become dissatisfied from time to time, as they believed the owners had too much control and retained an unfair share of the money. Various job actions have occurred throughout the game's history. Players on specific teams occasionally attempted strikes, but usually came back when their jobs were sufficiently threatened. The throwing of the 1919 World Series, the "Black Sox scandal", was in some sense a "strike" or at least a rebellion by the ballplayers against a perceived stingy owner. But the strict rules of baseball contracts tended to keep the players "in line" in general.作者: SUNCLOUDY1234 時間: 2007-11-6 04:14 AM
Baseball around the world % n; i6 e1 `; T6 etvb now,tvbnow,bttvbtvb now,tvbnow,bttvb$ n. X B% I* j! T
The first formal baseball league outside of the United States and Canada was founded in 1878 in Cuba, which maintains a rich baseball tradition and whose national team has been one of the world's strongest since international play began in the late 1930s. Professional baseball leagues began to form in other countries between the world wars, including the Netherlands (formed in 1922), Australia (1934), Japan (1936), and Puerto Rico (1938). After World War II, professional leagues were founded in Italy (1948) and in many Latin American nations, most prominently Venezuela (1945), Mexico (1945), and the Dominican Republic (1951). In Asia, Korea (1982), Taiwan (1990), and China (2003) all have professional leagues.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。& z0 K' g R; n9 T& L5 M: ]( H
TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。' v/ f1 z* K" i1 N1 L
Many European countries have pro leagues as well, the most successful beside the Dutch being the Italian league founded in 1948. Compared to those in Asia and Latin America, the various European leagues and the one in Australia historically have had no more than niche appeal. Recently, the sport has begun to grow in popularity in those nations, most notably in Australia, which won a surprise silver medal in the 2004 Olympic Games. In 2007, the Israel Baseball League, featuring six teams, was launched. Competition between national teams, such as in the Baseball World Cup and the Olympic baseball tournament, has been administered by the International Baseball Federation since its formation in 1938. As of 2004, the organization has 112 member countries.作者: SUNCLOUDY1234 時間: 2007-11-6 04:16 AM
Individual and team+ L) B2 S4 m2 y0 R6 I" a: n
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Baseball is fundamentally a team sport—even a franchise financially blessed enough to afford two or three Hall of Fame-caliber players cannot count on success. Yet it places individual players under great pressure and scrutiny. The pitcher must make good pitches or risk losing the game; the hitter has a mere fraction of a second to decide what pitch has been thrown and whether to swing at it. While managers and coaches can signal players to pursue certain strategies, no one can help the pitcher while he pitches or the hitter while he bats. If the batter hits a line drive, the outfielder, as the last line of defense, makes the lone decision to try to catch it or play it on the bounce. Baseball's history is full of heroes and goats—men who in the heat of the moment (the "clutch") distinguished themselves with a timely hit or catch, or an untimely strikeout or error.作者: SUNCLOUDY1234 時間: 2007-11-6 04:17 AM
Popularity of Baseball公仔箱論壇 }5 A& w' o! S c% [
' @& C3 H% ^) p3 lwww2.tvboxnow.comBaseball is most popular in East Asia and the Americas, although in South America its popularity is mainly limited to the northern portion of the continent. In The Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Japan, Cuba, Panama, Venezuela, Nicaragua, South Korea, and Taiwan, it is one of the most popular sports. The United States is the birthplace of baseball, where it has long been regarded as more than just a "major sport"; for many decades, it has been popularly referred to as the "national pastime" and Major League Baseball has been given a unique monopoly status by the Supreme Court of the United States. Although the three most popular professional team sports in the United States are ball games—baseball, basketball and American football—baseball's historical popularity was so great that even today the word "ballgame" in the United States almost always refers to a game of baseball (except in the American South, where the word is also used in association with football), and "ballpark" invariably refers to a baseball field.www2.tvboxnow.com6 m) I5 O! X- J
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Baseball has often been a barometer of the fabled American "melting pot", as immigrants from different regions have tried to "make good" in various areas including sports. In the 19th century, baseball was populated with many players of Irish or German extraction. A number of Native Americans had successful careers especially in the early 1900s. Italians and Poles appeared on many rosters during the 1920s and 1930s. Black Americans came on strong starting in the late 1940s after the barriers had been lifted, and continue to form a significant contingent. By the 1960s, Hispanics had started to make the scene, and had become a dominant force by the 1990s. In the 21st century, East Asians have been appearing in increasing numbers. # i' \( h8 I5 `! x$ H5 Xtvb now,tvbnow,bttvb3 X {" {' F- ]/ ?
While baseball is perhaps the most popular sport in the United States and is certainly one of the two most popular along with football, it is difficult to determine which is more popular because of the wide discrepancy in number of games per season. For example, the total attendance for major league games is roughly equal to that of all other American professional team sports combined, but football gets higher television ratings, both a function in part of the long (162-game) baseball season and short (16-game) football season. According to Baseball Commissioner Bud Selig, both revenue and attendance are currently higher than at any previous point in the history of the game作者: SUNCLOUDY1234 時間: 2007-11-6 09:35 AM
[attach]168848[/attach] , D3 J' E4 ]# {5 ]1 [ ; r8 H! H6 n' @. O3 Ewww2.tvboxnow.comThis picture shows how the baseball moves after it is being thrown out by the pitcher.作者: SUNCLOUDY1234 時間: 2007-11-6 09:36 AM
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- K) m7 b5 L( Rwww2.tvboxnow.comThis picture shows the bats that are being used in a baseball game.
