9 ~+ |% l% g6 W- }5 ntvb now,tvbnow,bttvb6.其三，法治包括對人權給予有效保障。一如聯合國《國際人權宣言》的序言指出，人權必須受「法治」（rule of law）保障，這就把「法律之治」（rule of law）與「以法治人」（rule by law）區分開來。TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。7 B. s/ e) b, r( e
/ i8 @: R/ P) P- G7 F/ ~tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb7.國務院新聞辦公室今年6月發表《「一國兩制」在香港特別行政區的實踐》白皮書，在香港引起對司法獨立廣泛的關注，這些關注是有其理據的。公仔箱論壇% A# @' ?9 h$ G% A! W5 {
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8.白皮書的英文版把法官列於''those who administrate Hong Kong''（i.e. administer）當中（立法機關成員也包括在內）。在香港，於權力分立的基礎上，行政、立法和司法機關在廣義上可被視為政府的三大分支或三大組成部分，但立法和司法機關並不是行政機關的一部分，白皮書的中文版以「治港」一詞來形容，看來它的意思應是指這個廣義說法。www2.tvboxnow.com2 ]" L$ V$ @. |6 _3 B
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白皮書用''administrate''字眼不適當 : Q! H2 P: l) ?; h/ y& x , B5 e! E# l {7 P5 Q5 T0 L. g+ ~8 o公仔箱論壇9.不過，白皮書的英文版用了''administrate''這個字，這是很不幸的，也是不適當的，這個字在香港的一般理解是指行政當局，例如提及董建華政府、曾蔭權政府或梁振英政府時，英文都會採用 ''The Tung Chee Wah, the Donald Tsang or the CY Leung administration''。很明顯，司法機關不屬於行政當局（立法機關也不是）。這一方面最好能夠予以澄清，以消除任何因為採用''administrate''一字而引起的憂慮。 / q2 f6 K! n+ Y U3 K6 B! f 2 z/ W/ D) {3 ]www2.tvboxnow.com5 c1 p) B+ ]% S- l4 _3 b
無公認愛國定義 法官只對法律忠誠 P4 |* }+ d: ^& r2 yTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 2 J9 T& {1 }! Q9 d" S- xTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。10.可是，更加令人關注的，是白皮書內對法官應該愛國的要求。何謂愛國，並無舉世公認的定義。不同的人對愛國可能有不同的見解，同一個人可以被某些人視為愛國，被另一些人視為不愛國。 0 j: r% p( s$ ^/ r( T& ]5 ] * }" s# i( `3 @11.由於白皮書是中央政府的一份官方文件，香港社會上廣泛認為其內容中論及的愛國要求，帶有親中央政府及親特區政府的意味，意指支持政府、與政府合作，及保護政府的利益。 - N1 k% W9 W6 Uwww2.tvboxnow.com/ p) W: w3 i0 ^0 V$ y- n! [
12.可是，在司法獨立的原則下，法官不應該親任何人或事，或反任何人或事，他們應該公平和不偏不倚。法官沒有任何主人，無論是政治上或其他方面，他們只對法律本身忠誠，他們對社會的服務在於能夠根據法律，公平及不偏不倚地判決糾紛。《基本法》規定，挑選法官是按他們的司法及專業才能來決定（第92條），法官獨 立地行使審判權，不受任何干預（第85條）。公仔箱論壇, I. d0 s5 I1 t, U O1 A/ q; W
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13.對法官而言，他們入職時要作出司法誓言的法律規定，已是足夠和合適的安排。按照這誓言，法官宣誓擁護《基本法》（《基本法》第1條就說明香港特別行政區是 中華人民共和國不可分離的部分），效忠中華人民共和國香港特別行政區，「盡忠職守，奉公守法，公正廉潔，以無懼、無偏、無私、無欺之精神，維護法制，主持正義，為香港特別行政區服務」。法官履行職務時都全心全意遵照這誓言行事。www2.tvboxnow.com& [3 O8 N: Y- f! s2 G( z5 I. D
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14.雖然內地官員對香港司法獨立可能有不同於香港社會的見解，但我相信他們都明白和理解香港的看法。 + w3 O6 B0 G1 J3 F, t* vTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 3 g$ `3 W n- q& \: K' z2 k3 | 7 }5 h' @, }' l9 s恆久警惕乃自由代價www2.tvboxnow.com1 R. R) ^5 P. m8 L8 h- b
% s8 S6 n7 L$ O7 A( A1 F' p15.我感覺到有些人對法治的前景較為負面，我不認同這種悲觀的看法。在白皮書發表後，香港社會各界都反映他們保持警惕，包括法律界，尤其大律師界別，這都是令人鼓舞和欣慰的，正如西諺所言﹕「恆久警惕乃自由的代價」。在這個充滿政治爭議的時刻，維持法治與司法獨立作為香港不可動搖的基石，委實格外重要。/ y' w4 b) z: {4 n* p
8 n T/ k2 u1 J8 q* V作者是香港特區首任首席法官（1997-2010）公仔箱論壇6 O3 J* D/ ]$ k+ k
5 ?% C! A6 \( I$ _& z* Cwww2.tvboxnow.com註：標題及小題為編輯所擬，原題為The RULE OF LAW法治www2.tvboxnow.com; X/ }4 h& d& \9 T a9 Y" u
M/ n) W% L8 m+ s- ~6 B k/ y5 v7 Wtvb now,tvbnow,bttvb作者: felicity2010 時間: 2014-8-18 01:42 AM
本帖最後由 felicity2010 於 2014-8-18 01:46 AM 編輯 ! ?2 g7 }' h# x8 w% g; S
' Q+ P# { [6 D3 G9 }- A/ U& t The Economist: Rule of law 3 v3 \6 l! u% [2 i' H& c" [Realigning justice* O7 d* U8 y0 g: ]* H# i- c
$ @. @) O- a9 P) I% owww2.tvboxnow.com16 Aug 2014tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb& N, Z( ]& E" A0 c. X! G: G Judges are often impotent in China’s courtrooms. That might be changing " N8 ]2 B/ a/ R2 }TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。www2.tvboxnow.com, p+ W" }& [3 S; } " q4 ~5 q5 ^ ]( D公仔箱論壇 ; `& T& ^+ I2 a7 K公仔箱論壇IN JULY Zhou Qiang, the president of China’s Supreme People’s Court, visited Yan’an, the spiritual home of the Communist Party in rural Shaanxi province, to lead local court officials there in an old communist ritual: self-criticism. “I have grown accustomed to having the final say and often have preconceived ideas when making decisions,” one local judge told the meeting. “I try to avoid taking a stand in major cases,” said a judicial colleague. “I don’t want to get into trouble.”tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb* f8 u: g1 u$ n
! T( g. s8 u2 a4 j2 Ktvb now,tvbnow,bttvbIn China’s judiciary such shortcomings are the norm. But change may be coming. On July 29th it was announced that the party’s Central Committee, comprising more than 370leaders, will gather in October to discuss ways of strengthening the rule of law, a novelty for such a gathering. President Xi Jinping, who is waging a sweeping campaign against corruption, says he wants the courts to help him “lock power in a cage”. Officials have begun to recognise that this will mean changing the kind of habits that prevail in Yan’an and throughout the judicial system. % y D" J# e7 r' P g! {tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb 8 }2 y' \, X: S% iLong before Mr Xi, leaders had often talked about the importance of the rule of law. But they showed little enthusiasm for reforms that would take judicial authority away from party officials and give it to judges. The court system in China is often just a rubber-stamp for decisions made in secret by party committees in cahoots with police and prosecutors. The party still cannot abide the idea of letting a freely elected legislature write the laws, nor even of relinquishing its control over the appointment of judges. But it is talking up the idea of making the judiciary serve as the constitution says it should: “independently ... and not subject to interference”. ; L) o: Y Y' _9 W3 Z: u公仔箱論壇TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。! @: z$ X* m0 u3 b$ r
In June state media revealed that six provincial-level jurisdictions would become testing grounds for reforms.Full details have not been announced, but they appear aimed at allowing judges to decide more for themselves, at least in cases that are not politically sensitive. 0 o, @6 ?' b$ o ) U: {: o3 V! MTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。There is a lot of room for improvement. Judges are generally beholden to local interests. They are hired and promoted at the will of their jurisdiction’s party secretary (or people who report to him), and they usually spend their entire careers at the same court in which they started. They have less power in their localities than do the police or prosecutors, or even politically connected local businessmen. A judge is often one of the least powerful figures in his own courtroom. ; w. _3 a* s: D7 r, {$ O+ @公仔箱論壇" Q% L8 ?9 l3 C$ Z
“It’s not a career that gets much respect,”says Ms Sun, a former judge in Shanghai who quit her job this year (and who asked to be identified only by her surname). The port city is one of the reform test-beds. “Courts are not independent so as a result they don’t have credibility, and people don’t believe in the law.” She says people often assume judges are corrupt. . U! {# s5 w9 eTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 9 S6 Q. i" P% w, VCareer prospects are unappealing for the young and well-educated like Ms Sun, who got her law degree from Peking University. The overall quality of judges has risen dramatically in recent decades, but there are still plenty of older, senior judges with next to no formal legal training. Seeing no opportunity for advancement after eight years,Ms Sun left for a law firm and a big multiple of her judge’s salary of about120,000 yuan ($19,000) a year. She says many other young judges are leaving. 5 w, K& ?* u2 y$ |* Lwww2.tvboxnow.comtvb now,tvbnow,bttvb& I0 p' g: r s5 P# Y* D y0 p
It is unclear how much the mooted changes will alleviate these concerns. Those Shanghai courts that are participating in the pilot reforms (not all are) are expected to raise judges’ pay. They are also expected greatly to reduce the number of judges, though younger ones fear they are more likely to be culled than their less qualified but better connected seniors.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。$ W$ [! j. K4 r, G1 J" X6 a5 v
L# f- a7 o* L% [; p3 dtvb now,tvbnow,bttvbThe most important reforms will affect the bureaucracies that control how judges are hired and promoted.Responsibility will be taken away from the cities and counties where judges try their cases, or from the districts in the case of provincial-level mega cities like Shanghai. It will be shifted upwards to provincial-level authorities—in theory making it more difficult for local officials to persuade or order judges to see things their way on illegal land seizures, polluting factories and soon. ) i& q* _/ }- O+ g% }; k% Y( @" z: D: S1 v: T$ X( g
Central leaders have a keen interest in stamping out such behaviour because it tarnishes the party’s image. But many local officials, some of whom make a lot of money from land-grabs and dirty factories, will resist change. With the help of the police they will probably find other means to make life difficult for unco-operative judges. And provincial authorities are still likely to interfere in some cases handled by lower-level courts, sometimes in order to help out county-level officials. ; y6 Z$ N T8 R |) D% z + O! s% `/ x3 YAn oft-stated goal of the reforms is that “judges should decide the cases they hear, and they should hear the cases they decide.” But Mr Xi is also making it clear that the party remains the ultimate arbiter. He is trying to boost loyalty to the party among judges and other court officials by requiring they attend ideological“study sessions”. Most judges and prosecutors are party members. 2 u9 Z J2 G& r$ q+ K% |5 T) E1 m& btvb now,tvbnow,bttvb : f& f% c' o3 q) N9 V' I公仔箱論壇The party is also clamping down further on defence lawyers who take on politically sensitive cases. The feistiest are often harassed by police or even jailed for speaking out about injustices. In June it emerged that the party-run All China Lawyers Association had drafted guidelines discouraging both legal activism and public criticism of court decisions. The rule of law seems to mean running the courts more efficiently but still in the service of the party. 7 }9 s) x! }: Z- I公仔箱論壇 / W+ f3 ]* C' rtvb now,tvbnow,bttvb
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