公仔箱論壇% i; l' P; T. f, m- i
那麼,在 1841 年 1 月 26 日起至《南京條約》簽訂前,香港是否屬於約開商埠?嚴格來說,由於香港在 1 月 25 日已被英軍佔領,並在翌日完成升旗禮之後,隨即象徵正式接管香港,香港成為英國海外領土。因此香港初期的開埠,並非基於不平等條約。 8 b% v+ Z8 s; J6 btvb now,tvbnow,bttvb / g9 b a$ }: e. ?1 f @琦善和義律沒有就《穿鼻草約》達成協議,而雙方君主亦沒有批准草約,因此草約本身只是一紙空文,並不具法律效力 [2] 。即使有,香港割讓和開埠都並非以草約的法理為依據,而是建立在後來 1 月 26 日英軍的實際佔領之上。故此,在史學上一般認為,香港開埠為英軍舉行升旗禮的1月26日開始,而非義律宣佈《穿鼻草約》的 1 月 20 日。事實上,草約的宣佈,只是義律在追加法律確認之前,將佔領變為既定事實的手法。而這種經驗主義的行事方式,是英國殖民主義慣用解決問題的方法 [3] 。* e: `( w, Y; ^! L
6 Q% }" J$ q6 c- v《Convention of Chuenpee》原文 [4] :公仔箱論壇6 I( j0 U1 a% C. s" J
“Her Majesty’s plenipotentiary has now to announce the conclusion of preliminary arrangements between the imperial commissioner and himself involving the following conditions: % L ~. G2 b7 a* d- Q6 DTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。
The cession of the island and harbour of Hongkong to the British crown. All just charges and duties tot the empire upon the commerce carried on there to be paid as if the trade were conducted at Whampoa.
An indemnity to the British government of six millions of dollars, on million payable at once, remainder in equal annual instalments ending in 1846.
Direct official intercourse between the countries upon equal footing.
The trade of the port of Canton to be opened within ten further arrangements are practicable at the new settlement."
2 P6 I j0 {5 L( b' j3 a l, ]TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。
As to other public treaties: in order to enable a public minister or other diplomatic agent to conclude and sign a treaty with the government to which he is accredited, he must be furnished with a full power, independent of his general letter of credence. Grotius, and after him Puffendorf, consider treaties and conventions, thus negotiated and signed, as binding upon the sovereign in whose name they are concluded, in the same manner as any other contract made by a duly authorised agent binds his principal according to the general rules of civil jurisprudence. + x0 O6 \# x9 [4 U* H0 `7 A- S公仔箱論壇
關於代理君主的大臣之職權,文中寫道:公仔箱論壇9 S/ g- N6 s* ~
the sovereign is bound by the acts of his ambassadors, within the limits of his patent full-power, although the latter may have transcended or violated his secret instruction. But if the minister exceed his authority, or undertake to treat points not contained in his full-power and instructions, the sovereign is fully justified in delaying, or even refusing his ratification. % ?" T) m6 |1 G* @$ o0 cTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。
before a sovereign can honourably refuse to ratify that which has been concluded in virtue of a full power, he must have strong and solid reasons, and, in particular, he must show that his minister has deviated from his instruction.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb/ ^$ W0 c" G( P+ c
另外,《國際法原理》第四節又指出,假如全權代表擅自立約,在沒有得到君主准許或授權的情況下作出超越其權力的約定或承諾,最終仍必須得到(君主)的准許: : P' D0 t6 ]& P8 _0 MTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。
Such acts or engagements, which made without authority, or exceeding the limits of the authority under which they purport to be made, are called Sponions. These convention must be confirmed by express or tacit ratification. 1 f% d, R3 a" W, n% u7 Ltvb now,tvbnow,bttvb
此外,假如條約中包含了領土割讓,還需要得到被割讓一方的同意 [9] : $ j( T9 g; r Stvb now,tvbnow,bttvb
the assent of the chambers, clothed with the forms of a legislative act, is considered essential to the ultimate validity of a treaty ceding any portion of the national territory. 6 M* D$ o5 L. d0 f! J
By the general principles of private jurisprudence, recognized by most, if not all, CIVILIZED COUNTRIES, a contract obtained by violence is void. Freedom of consent to the validity of every agreement, and contracts obtained under duress are void, because the general welfare of society requires that they should be so.(大寫為筆者所加)TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。7 L5 c2 b& j, d' L: M! g
簡而言之,當時國際法似乎已清晰厘定,包含了領土割讓的條約,需要符合兩個前提才能生效: . r$ J$ d( x2 v2 X T4 Swww2.tvboxnow.com
Her Majesty’s plenipotentiary has now to announce the conclusion of preliminary arrangements between the imperial commissioner and himself involving the following conditions:TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。" U; o0 a! p- _9 A1 E3 \
The cession of the island and harbour of Hongkong to the British crown. All just charges and duties tot the empire upon the commerce carried on there to be paid as if the trade were conducted at Whampoa.
An indemnity to the British government of six millions of dollars, on million payable at once, remainder in equal annual instalments ending in 1846.
Direct official intercourse between the countries upon equal footing.
The trade of the port of Canton to be opened within ten further arrangements are practicable at the new settlement.
根據草約所指,義律與琦善已達成「達成初步安排」 "the conclusion of preliminary arrangements between the imperial commissioner and himself" 。然而,這個「達成初步安排」的文據究竟是什麼呢?在義律發佈公吿後的第六天,即1841年1月26日英軍佔領香港這天,伯麥照會大鵬協副將賴恩爵,內容如下 [2] :1 S1 a- S9 F3 {9 G3 V% Q" n
照得本國公使大臣義,與欽差大臣爵閣部堂琦,說定諸事,議將香港等處全島地方,讓給英國主掌,已在文據在案。是該島現系歸屬大英國王治下地方,應請貴官,速將該島全處所有貴國官兵撤回tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb1 K: O' |8 p" Y% [2 s+ k! Z
Bremer, Commander-in-chief, and Elliot, Plenipotentiary, etc., by this proclamation make know to the inhabitant of the island of Hongkong, that that island has now become part of the dominions of the Queen of England by clear public agreement between the High Officers of the Celestial and British Courts….. `# e, o0 \( P, @" T0 {% ^
The island of Hongkong having been ceded to the British Crown under the seal of the Imperial Minister and High Commissioner Keshen, it has become necessary to provide the Government thereof, pending Her Majesty’s pleasure……* z6 ?$ _4 _4 R. ^, A$ n# J" p; T$ o
兩份公告目的在於曉喻香港居民,英國已經成為香港的新統治者。即便如此,民眾亦毋需惶恐,因為中國傳統禮儀習俗、宗教儀式、風俗習慣等個人權利不但會繼續保留,而且基於引入一種華洋分治,一島兩制的二元化法律體系 (a dual legal system) ,即華人將繼續依從中國法律及習慣,英國及其他各國人士則接受英國法的統治 [4] 。 3 M8 ?( p8 e: }; _& b* E) f3 s7 ^& _tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb根據中國社會科學院研究員劉存寛教授,在其著作《香港史論叢》第二章<英國強佔香港島與所謂「穿鼻條約」>中指出,這兩份公告的基礎,是以 1 月 20 日的通知為依據。換言之, 2 月 1 日公告中的 "clear public agreement between the High Officers of the Celestial and British Courts" ,和義律 2 月 2 日公告中所指的 "The island of Hongkong having been ceded to the British Crown under the seal of the Imperial Minister and High Commissioner Keshen" ,都是以義律在通知中的「達成初步安排」為依據。而這個有「達成」「安排」的「文據」,便是琦善在《穿鼻草約》蓋上的關防。 0 |; S/ n8 D1 l) z1 Q/ l6 GTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 1 u1 e9 ~. V" u3 E& ^1 d4 `公仔箱論壇可是,這兩份極重要的公告中,存在三個問題:3 Y' V( ~" H |/ C
假如公告的基礎是以通知為依據,那麼通知又什麼作依據?琦善有否就割讓香港與義律達成協議並蓋印作實?
巴麥尊否定條約;以及
義律在港權力和公告法律效力
劉存寬教授、前香港歷史博物館館長丁新豹博士、香港嶺南大學香港與華南歷史研究部名譽研究員蕭國健教授等多名學者均認為,琦善從來沒有在任何關於割讓香港的文據上蓋關防作實 [5] 。公仔箱論壇- e' u: J" s) O+ S
那麼,義律聲稱琦善蓋了關防的文據,究竟是怎麼一回事?筆者嘗試從時序、策略、琦善和義律心態三方面全方位分析「達成了初步安排」和「已有文據在案」可能性。0 ~! `+ y; Q& d7 u
近聞省內有英國所屬港腳地者。未知姓名之黑人一囗,被官拘留。応請釋回。並聞有英國和相交之法蘭西國人單亞泥一名,亦被拘留。取敢請貴大臣爵閣部堂施恩,以該人釋放。蓋深知大臣爵閣部堂仁愛之心,且知該人惟修善良,堪蒙恩施。本公臣故有此請。此間相拒情形,已被善定,彼此相安。原因貴大爵閣部堂事事篤信,洞明辦理所致,實本國人民所共知矣。倘可加以仁愛恩施,必使該人遠居老親,喜樂感載。且令泰西諸國之人,聞風敬慕也。本公使大臣此次將私情致請,祈為原恕。特為此照會者。TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。9 m `! B& C4 x: @( V" A
You have obtained the Cession of Hong Kong, a barren Island with hardly a House upon it; and even this Cession as it is called, seems to me, from the conditions with which it is clogged, not to be a cession of the Sovereignty of the Island, which could only be made by the signature of the Emperor, but to be a permission to us to make a Settlement there, upon the same footing on which the Portuguese have an establishment at Macao.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb1 x7 B, f0 J8 A, R* ]1 B
另外,再於 5 月 14 日致函義律的第九號文件中,巴麥尊詳細重申一遍他否定協議和公告的原因 [2] :www2.tvboxnow.com2 r0 P+ `2 a8 M; C2 `+ ~, f6 O
With reference to the Proclamation which has appeared in the Newspapers of this Country, issued by you to Her Majesty’s Subjects in China, in which you declare the Island of Hong Kong to be annexed forever tot the British dominions, I have to observe to you that no part of the Territory belonging to one Sovereign can be ceded and made over to another Sovereign, except by a formal Treaty, ratified by the Sovereign by whom the cession is made, and that no Subject has the power to alienate any portion of the territory of his Sovereign. Consequently, the agreement made by Keshen that Hong Kong should be ceded to the British Crown, EVEN IF THAT AGREEMENT HAS BEEN RECORDED IN THE FORMAL SHAPE OF A TREATY, would have been of NO VALUE or force until it had been ratified by The Emperor of China. Your Proclamation was therefore ENTIRELY PREMATURE, inasmuch as it does not appear that any formal Treaty for the cession of Hong Kong had been signed between you and Keshen; and that all events, it is certain that at the time when you issued your Proclamation, no such Treaty, even if signed by Keshen, had been ratified by the Emperor.(大寫為筆者所加) # w7 X' S, H, c5 d0 o7 }
In ignorance of Captain Elliot’s proposals of Jan 8, 1841, it is impossible to state clearly what was agreed to on this point; but it would appear that the Island of Hong Kong had been ceded as a place of settlement; clogged, however, with a condition that all duties are to be paired there in the same manner as they have hitherto been paid at Whampoa; that is (it is presumed) that they should be assessed and collected at Hong Kong by Chinese officers. In fact, IT DOES NOT CLEARLY APPEAR THAT HONG KONG IS CEDED TO GREAT BRITAIN IN ABSOLUTE SOVEREIGNTY.(大寫為筆者所加) , n/ S+ M) G3 b( F" U% [6 ^& Etvb now,tvbnow,bttvb
F.O., London, April 21, 1841, Lord Palmerston to captain Elliot, R.N, 《International relation of the Chinese empire》, H.B. Morse, p.642. $ [- C8 x# u2 Q, I6 r1 Z$ Y2 P另有中文譯文: + R; G5 S1 R: N5 d0 U, w* u l3 _' WTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。「你已經爭得香港的割讓,一處連一所房子都難找到的荒島;甚至這一種所謂的割讓,據我看,由於受種種條件的牽制,也不是一種非經皇帝簽署才能辦到的島嶼主權的割讓,而只是我們在那裏建一居留區的一種許可,其地位是同葡萄牙人在澳門所有的那一種制度一樣。」tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb% W5 j' ` f! t1 A. f5 _% I# h
《中華帝國對外關係史》,第一卷,馬士著,第 728 頁。
F.O., London, May 14, 1841, Lord Palmerston to captain Elliot, R.N, 《International relation of the Chinese empire》, H.B. Morse, p.647. 3 M5 F7 }4 h! _) j; R# d! |2 _7 r公仔箱論壇另有中文譯文:公仔箱論壇2 t$ Z5 x) @8 Y& M$ M
「除非是通過一項由進行割讓的君主所批准的正式條約,沒有一部份屬於一位君主的領土,能割讓予和轉讓給另一位君主,並且沒有一個臣民有權把他君主的領土任何部分割讓與人。因此,琦善所作的把香港割讓予英國君主的協議,縱使該恊議已經寫成一個條約的正式形式,但在中國皇帝予以批准之前,也不會有任何價值或效力的。在你和琦善之間,對於割讓香港一節,并不象是簽訂了任何正式條約,而已無論如何,我們可斷言在你發布通告的當時,這種條約即使經過琦善簽字,也絕不是已經由皇帝批准的,因此你的通告全然是為時太早。」www2.tvboxnow.com: i5 A) Q6 Y( V/ B _" @
《中華帝國對外關係史》,第一卷,馬士著,第 735 頁。
STATEMENT, B. DEMANDS 4, 《International relation of the Chinese empire》, H.B. Morse, p. 646.
《巴麥尊子爵致大清皇帝欽命宰相書》是巴麥尊在1840年2月20日向清政府提出的正式要求: 1 }+ i) {# A+ b, L9 Y8 w一、賠償被焚鴉片。 ! J" J! C3 @" o! T7 |二、中英官員平等交往。9 ?2 U/ R* l5 N5 O$ n
三、割讓沿海島嶼。 ' t1 v0 [' b! r四、賠償商欠。公仔箱論壇) m8 ?: s' U/ f1 ^9 Z! R% [: ]( C
五、賠償軍費。/ q0 V6 {# `+ \. @- V. S
另外,還有巴麥尊同日發給㦤律和義律的第一號訓令另外十項要求: , m/ R2 R! u% _7 Z) L. U& r一、中國開放廣州、廈門、福州、上海、寧波為通商囗岸。" ?7 `- i1 `, ?
二、英國政府可在各通商口岸派駐官員,與中國政府官員直接接觸。 : \$ m" A2 [5 I+ hTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。三、割讓沿海島嶼。 ; w- \: j6 L0 f/ PTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。四、賠償被焚鴉片。4 e. @' p( Z [, A7 P
五、中國廢除行商制度,并賠償商欠。9 }# ~- h1 b* r2 a9 |! d5 c2 A, K
六、賠償軍費。 ) c) m0 D: K1 j/ Z七、未付清的賠款以年利百分之五計算;: k$ E% x% H( X
八、條約為中國皇帝批准後,解除對中國沿海的封鎖;賠款全部付清後,英軍方撤離;公仔箱論壇/ M+ C9 `( I& O! X
九、條約用英文和中文書寫,一式兩份,文義解釋以英文為主; - q' u8 ]) u+ X! N5 f) u0 Jwww2.tvboxnow.com十、條約在規定期限內由雙方君主批准。 / Q$ b) V# ~" V9 D+ _. c公仔箱論壇《天朝的崩潰》,茅海建著,第 206-207 頁。
4 w( f) f6 H2 j8 {; n4 V- Y其實,無論是「寄居」、「暫屯」、「自治」還是「主治」,對於義律來說,香港島是要定了。但他同時亦非常清礎,對於道光帝來說,割讓是絕對不行。因此,義律認為假如能夠省去正式割讓的外形,並以一項非正式的聲明來取得清廷對佔有香港的允許,他表示這樣不但能夠符合女王陛下政府之目的和聲威,而且認為清廷會立即欣然把事情安排好。這點他在 1841 年 6 月 21 日致印度總督奧克蘭勳爵 (Lord Auckland, 1784-1849) 的信函中,寫得非常清楚 [28] :# W# C D4 M! `/ l i
The government of China is perfectly convinced that the Island of Hong Kong will not be yielded up, and if it suited the purposes or character of Her Majesty’s Government to accept it under any such modification as would save the appearance of its formal cession, and declaration were made that we were satisfied with that extent of territorial possession, they would be well content to adjust affairs at once.2 V8 @$ ?% N, v
小結6 k+ G" ~& m' l' _5 `* u
綜合以上分析而言,琦善以義律含糊的口吻奏明道光帝,而義律又故意在攫取香港的手段上偷換概念,雙方都是以自己的方式,以達到各自目的。從廣東談判的時序、策略、琦善和義律對香港主權的心態分析後可以看到,除了香港割讓的議題上,琦善的確答應了條款的某些部分;但是關於香港割讓這一部分,盡管義律脅迫琦善割讓香港的照會中可能出現言語上的誤會 [27] ,但身為欽差的琦善,只是作為道光帝牽線木偶而已。而關於「寄居」一事,儘管琦善在道光帝允許後的確有跟義律進行磋商,但始終雙方亦沒有達成協議。 \+ G" I: [3 M# [
下篇《香港是如何開埠?(三)》,將會離開廣東談判,探討一下巴麥尊否定《穿鼻草約》,但沒有否定義律公告的議題。9 r* S& S% {' G- ~5 w; ]) K- d
tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb) E- n% V2 s% g( c' _! ~8 [
註: ( \! H. Y2 n/ J9 n8 Ptvb now,tvbnow,bttvb
《天朝的崩潰》,茅海建著,第 177-179 頁。
關於翻譯問題,蔣廷黻先生表示,道光帝在 8 月 19 日收到由馬儒翰 (John Robert Morrison, 1814 年 4 月 17 日 - 1843 年 8 月 29 日 ) 翻譯的《巴麥尊子爵致大清皇帝欽命宰相書》,出現很多嚴重誤譯,以至全文語調由上門要挾轉變為負屈(對林則徐的指控)「乞恩」,使「剿」轉而主「撫」。例如,譯「求討皇帝昭雪伸冤」(原文為 "demand from the Emperor satisfaction and redress" )。此外,譯文亦多處將原意「匡正」譯為「伸冤」,「抗議 (protest) 」譯為「告明」,「賠償」譯為「昭雪」,「要求」譯為「催討」等等。《天朝的崩潰》,茅海建著,第 173 頁, 238-239 頁。