“Her Majesty’s plenipotentiary has now to announce the conclusion of preliminary arrangements between the imperial commissioner and himself involving the following conditions: / h U2 X; C& u3 N3 j
The cession of the island and harbour of Hongkong to the British crown. All just charges and duties tot the empire upon the commerce carried on there to be paid as if the trade were conducted at Whampoa.
An indemnity to the British government of six millions of dollars, on million payable at once, remainder in equal annual instalments ending in 1846.
Direct official intercourse between the countries upon equal footing.
The trade of the port of Canton to be opened within ten further arrangements are practicable at the new settlement."
( E% N% ?" G* [1 {) K可是，當時《穿鼻草約》沒有簽訂和承認，香港割讓只是建立在英軍的實際佔領和升旗禮之上，因此草約亦不能成為使「開辟」商埠合理的法律工具。對於類似國際間的強佔行為， 19 世紀初的國際法能夠產生約束力嗎？國際法又是如何詮釋條約效力的？ + a& M' X& X7 @# stvb now,tvbnow,bttvb 4 }; e6 Z: u7 }2 v5 Zwww2.tvboxnow.com現今泛指國際法這一詞，在 19 世紀後半葉一般稱為歐洲公法 (droit public de I’Europe, European public law) 。當時歐洲公法的特徵，主要都是圍繞著保障歐洲國際社會利益，例如歐洲中心主義、擴張主義等的法律秩序。歐洲認為公法是「文明國家之間的法律」，世界亦因而給劃分為歐洲文明國家、中國等半文明國家，和野蠻國家。為了要將侵略世界非文明國家的擴張行為合理化，歐洲公法乃成為一種帝國主義的法律工具 [6] 。 TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。* K& @- P( C; d9 Q0 I
% E% `1 r0 A W) R9 `/ G2 u, F% @! v" q& LTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 & B$ f9 }7 D$ {/ h$ p) t7 M5 ywww2.tvboxnow.com為証明自己是公正無私的文明國家，並要迫使不文明國家遵循他們的價值觀和法理規範來行事，以維護其特權和利益，在 18 世紀初，國際法著作便成為這種擴張主義的白手套。而國際法作者的國藉，便顯得尤其關鍵 – 列強爭相出版國際法。而當中的焦點，便是那個國家更有資格代表普世價值。因此， 19 世紀最著名的國際法著作，1836年分別在倫敦和費城出版的《Elements of International Law》（中譯為《國際法原理》），能夠在 1864 年由美國傳教士丁韙良 (W. A. P. Martin, 1827-1916) 翻譯為漢語版《萬國公法》，美國政府對翻譯的推動，包括時任中國海關稅務司司長赫德 (Sir Robert Hart, 1835-1911) 的支持，實在不可或缺 [7] 。因此，當時國際法的約束力，較為適用於列強間的秩序維繫和利益分配，多於對國際間的無限擴張。 . P: Q" n" r8 S- }公仔箱論壇4 B6 Q3 @ Q1 H! Q
在過去一個多世紀，世界各地在國際法和平條約的領土割讓實例中，一般劃分為因征服而割讓 (subjugation) ，和因條約 (treaty) 買賣而割讓兩種，而兩者均必須以條約為法律依據。那麼，條約基於什麼條件才產生法律效力？《國際法原理》第二章第五節中指出，有效的條約必須首先由君主賦予全權的代表，在達成協議之後，雙方代表簽署才能正式生效 [8] ：www2.tvboxnow.com! |4 j. p3 |+ ^& P
As to other public treaties: in order to enable a public minister or other diplomatic agent to conclude and sign a treaty with the government to which he is accredited, he must be furnished with a full power, independent of his general letter of credence. Grotius, and after him Puffendorf, consider treaties and conventions, thus negotiated and signed, as binding upon the sovereign in whose name they are concluded, in the same manner as any other contract made by a duly authorised agent binds his principal according to the general rules of civil jurisprudence. J5 W# d& u! K9 h5 QTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。
the sovereign is bound by the acts of his ambassadors, within the limits of his patent full-power, although the latter may have transcended or violated his secret instruction. But if the minister exceed his authority, or undertake to treat points not contained in his full-power and instructions, the sovereign is fully justified in delaying, or even refusing his ratification.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。4 J' _" {# b2 {
換言之，假如全權大臣越權商議，君主是有權拒絕公約。公仔箱論壇0 X: V) n# _" d H% y
那麼，君主能夠如何拒絕呢？即使全權代表已經同意條約，只要君主能夠証明全權代表偏離了其意旨，君主是有權拒絕條約的：tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb, @) n6 V# ~) C, O
before a sovereign can honourably refuse to ratify that which has been concluded in virtue of a full power, he must have strong and solid reasons, and, in particular, he must show that his minister has deviated from his instruction. : B9 j y/ s8 N* M6 r
Such acts or engagements, which made without authority, or exceeding the limits of the authority under which they purport to be made, are called Sponions. These convention must be confirmed by express or tacit ratification.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。0 V: H' D+ W# C! h& {' K' Z
the assent of the chambers, clothed with the forms of a legislative act, is considered essential to the ultimate validity of a treaty ceding any portion of the national territory. * W* B3 G" O+ b2 Z, H; h' M, Ewww2.tvboxnow.com
最後，與當今國際法一樣，在第八節中，亦清楚說到，在文明國家的法學中，「恃強逼勒」的情況下所簽訂的條約，是不能生效的 [10] ：www2.tvboxnow.com4 h5 |8 g! E# S4 l @
By the general principles of private jurisprudence, recognized by most, if not all, CIVILIZED COUNTRIES, a contract obtained by violence is void. Freedom of consent to the validity of every agreement, and contracts obtained under duress are void, because the general welfare of society requires that they should be so.（大寫為筆者所加） : O+ B1 X7 @' D+ e) M
Her Majesty’s plenipotentiary has now to announce the conclusion of preliminary arrangements between the imperial commissioner and himself involving the following conditions: / n3 q- h7 z( r) {
The cession of the island and harbour of Hongkong to the British crown. All just charges and duties tot the empire upon the commerce carried on there to be paid as if the trade were conducted at Whampoa.
An indemnity to the British government of six millions of dollars, on million payable at once, remainder in equal annual instalments ending in 1846.
Direct official intercourse between the countries upon equal footing.
The trade of the port of Canton to be opened within ten further arrangements are practicable at the new settlement.
根據草約所指，義律與琦善已達成「達成初步安排」 "the conclusion of preliminary arrangements between the imperial commissioner and himself" 。然而，這個「達成初步安排」的文據究竟是什麼呢？在義律發佈公吿後的第六天，即1841年1月26日英軍佔領香港這天，伯麥照會大鵬協副將賴恩爵，內容如下 [2] ： / |4 e' ^# Z$ A9 l m# R: o2 b
至此，什麼是義律所指「達成初步安排」的文據，還是不太清晰。公仔箱論壇$ H b5 U# n" l4 J3 W% Y
其後，在 1841 年 2 月 1 和 2 月 2 日，伯麥和義律分別發出關於香港已割讓予英國的公告，統稱為義律公告 (Elliot’s Proclamations) [3] 。- A6 p. V3 g- b5 b
2 月 1 日，伯麥和義律發表的公告：% U A3 i$ \$ k% J
Bremer, Commander-in-chief, and Elliot, Plenipotentiary, etc., by this proclamation make know to the inhabitant of the island of Hongkong, that that island has now become part of the dominions of the Queen of England by clear public agreement between the High Officers of the Celestial and British Courts….. - V% N4 c% n9 U6 e- u0 ftvb now,tvbnow,bttvb
The island of Hongkong having been ceded to the British Crown under the seal of the Imperial Minister and High Commissioner Keshen, it has become necessary to provide the Government thereof, pending Her Majesty’s pleasure…… ) a/ r$ U3 d8 [ g' o Zwww2.tvboxnow.com
兩份公告目的在於曉喻香港居民，英國已經成為香港的新統治者。即便如此，民眾亦毋需惶恐，因為中國傳統禮儀習俗、宗教儀式、風俗習慣等個人權利不但會繼續保留，而且基於引入一種華洋分治，一島兩制的二元化法律體系 (a dual legal system) ，即華人將繼續依從中國法律及習慣，英國及其他各國人士則接受英國法的統治 [4] 。* X C3 u" x" x ^$ E( d
根據中國社會科學院研究員劉存寛教授，在其著作《香港史論叢》第二章<英國強佔香港島與所謂「穿鼻條約」>中指出，這兩份公告的基礎，是以 1 月 20 日的通知為依據。換言之， 2 月 1 日公告中的 "clear public agreement between the High Officers of the Celestial and British Courts" ，和義律 2 月 2 日公告中所指的 "The island of Hongkong having been ceded to the British Crown under the seal of the Imperial Minister and High Commissioner Keshen" ，都是以義律在通知中的「達成初步安排」為依據。而這個有「達成」「安排」的「文據」，便是琦善在《穿鼻草約》蓋上的關防。公仔箱論壇) k0 d2 A9 Q: G6 }7 o
香港是如何開埠？（三）巴麥尊否定草約的什麼？ ! ]5 t6 l9 s/ v" R5 w7 {公仔箱論壇 ' p Z2 A+ W" x+ lTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 , d; m; m( ? j# j7 A N9 S公仔箱論壇 6 M# |: L9 g* l. ] G# k 9 O3 L* g: X2 [( O% J, K) h
圖為巴麥尊TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。; j* r2 O. ^* a0 B o& n. t
0 L2 a. S5 \0 } l6 kTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。上篇《心態篇》為分析琦善有否割讓香港的最後一篇。此篇，筆者會探討，究竟為什麼巴麥尊會否定草約，而他否定的又是什麼。 4 ^' t2 \) Z: \' c Otvb now,tvbnow,bttvb關於《穿鼻草約》的認受性，英國外交大臣巴麥尊，即義律的頂頭上司表示懷疑。在得悉義律在 1841 年 1 月 20 日所發出關於與他和琦善就割讓香港所達成協議的公告後，巴麥尊於三個月後的 4 月 21 日給義律炒魷的致函中，否定義律的「所謂協議」 [1] ： }- W6 A1 f! C g* D
You have obtained the Cession of Hong Kong, a barren Island with hardly a House upon it; and even this Cession as it is called, seems to me, from the conditions with which it is clogged, not to be a cession of the Sovereignty of the Island, which could only be made by the signature of the Emperor, but to be a permission to us to make a Settlement there, upon the same footing on which the Portuguese have an establishment at Macao. * n' d, d9 l3 t3 j- z6 DTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。
With reference to the Proclamation which has appeared in the Newspapers of this Country, issued by you to Her Majesty’s Subjects in China, in which you declare the Island of Hong Kong to be annexed forever tot the British dominions, I have to observe to you that no part of the Territory belonging to one Sovereign can be ceded and made over to another Sovereign, except by a formal Treaty, ratified by the Sovereign by whom the cession is made, and that no Subject has the power to alienate any portion of the territory of his Sovereign. Consequently, the agreement made by Keshen that Hong Kong should be ceded to the British Crown, EVEN IF THAT AGREEMENT HAS BEEN RECORDED IN THE FORMAL SHAPE OF A TREATY, would have been of NO VALUE or force until it had been ratified by The Emperor of China. Your Proclamation was therefore ENTIRELY PREMATURE, inasmuch as it does not appear that any formal Treaty for the cession of Hong Kong had been signed between you and Keshen; and that all events, it is certain that at the time when you issued your Proclamation, no such Treaty, even if signed by Keshen, had been ratified by the Emperor.（大寫為筆者所加）www2.tvboxnow.com0 h! W l3 c) a3 [6 U
In ignorance of Captain Elliot’s proposals of Jan 8, 1841, it is impossible to state clearly what was agreed to on this point; but it would appear that the Island of Hong Kong had been ceded as a place of settlement; clogged, however, with a condition that all duties are to be paired there in the same manner as they have hitherto been paid at Whampoa; that is (it is presumed) that they should be assessed and collected at Hong Kong by Chinese officers. In fact, IT DOES NOT CLEARLY APPEAR THAT HONG KONG IS CEDED TO GREAT BRITAIN IN ABSOLUTE SOVEREIGNTY.（大寫為筆者所加） ) `2 e; P( [' P T0 H% {TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。
F.O., London, April 21, 1841, Lord Palmerston to captain Elliot, R.N, 《International relation of the Chinese empire》, H.B. Morse, p.642.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb4 \7 _0 O, G; s6 {& ]
另有中文譯文：公仔箱論壇* m, ~+ ~6 g( h" m$ V+ W7 v6 Z
「你已經爭得香港的割讓，一處連一所房子都難找到的荒島；甚至這一種所謂的割讓，據我看，由於受種種條件的牽制，也不是一種非經皇帝簽署才能辦到的島嶼主權的割讓，而只是我們在那裏建一居留區的一種許可，其地位是同葡萄牙人在澳門所有的那一種制度一樣。」公仔箱論壇* J, Y j# R5 f# V6 x1 p+ Q( P" s+ t
《中華帝國對外關係史》，第一卷，馬士著，第 728 頁。
F.O., London, May 14, 1841, Lord Palmerston to captain Elliot, R.N, 《International relation of the Chinese empire》, H.B. Morse, p.647.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。! B; S! `5 \; [
另有中文譯文：tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb6 u" |7 P5 X, O7 j$ M3 Y
「除非是通過一項由進行割讓的君主所批准的正式條約，沒有一部份屬於一位君主的領土，能割讓予和轉讓給另一位君主，並且沒有一個臣民有權把他君主的領土任何部分割讓與人。因此，琦善所作的把香港割讓予英國君主的協議，縱使該恊議已經寫成一個條約的正式形式，但在中國皇帝予以批准之前，也不會有任何價值或效力的。在你和琦善之間，對於割讓香港一節，并不象是簽訂了任何正式條約，而已無論如何，我們可斷言在你發布通告的當時，這種條約即使經過琦善簽字，也絕不是已經由皇帝批准的，因此你的通告全然是為時太早。」TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。9 _. E) w; Y* y! \+ \, x
《中華帝國對外關係史》，第一卷，馬士著，第 735 頁。
STATEMENT, B. DEMANDS 4, 《International relation of the Chinese empire》, H.B. Morse, p. 646.
《巴麥尊子爵致大清皇帝欽命宰相書》是巴麥尊在1840年2月20日向清政府提出的正式要求：公仔箱論壇5 d r( s! F& q, l6 ?, L i% b9 j
一、賠償被焚鴉片。tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb# o4 b* s5 S7 T& l' J
二、中英官員平等交往。 - U$ A1 ]5 f2 \- w% v/ [0 lwww2.tvboxnow.com三、割讓沿海島嶼。TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 d' E! | l& Y" C& m1 ^8 E
四、賠償商欠。 ' F2 A; B- N uwww2.tvboxnow.com五、賠償軍費。 2 C$ m! O( A; O# \tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb另外，還有巴麥尊同日發給㦤律和義律的第一號訓令另外十項要求： 3 c/ q7 d" @6 Z' H- F6 `www2.tvboxnow.com一、中國開放廣州、廈門、福州、上海、寧波為通商囗岸。* }2 [) q9 Y$ q7 Z) k3 u
二、英國政府可在各通商口岸派駐官員，與中國政府官員直接接觸。公仔箱論壇$ I* A: E- A8 \
三、割讓沿海島嶼。! o: c) U( O! \; ~
四、賠償被焚鴉片。 $ K6 ? Y; l V4 B2 Z: ?2 A0 X b五、中國廢除行商制度，并賠償商欠。tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb* D. H9 ` L) o7 U
六、賠償軍費。" }" ?0 ^1 r3 _* V
七、未付清的賠款以年利百分之五計算； : P5 _2 \. P6 D( f1 G3 I八、條約為中國皇帝批准後，解除對中國沿海的封鎖；賠款全部付清後，英軍方撤離； : w- `: \. _& Q) J( @5 N% Ywww2.tvboxnow.com九、條約用英文和中文書寫，一式兩份，文義解釋以英文為主；tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb* ^& L% n; n# Y1 Q6 _" ?
十、條約在規定期限內由雙方君主批准。4 t3 ]; l* R" S# b
《天朝的崩潰》，茅海建著，第 206-207 頁。
The government of China is perfectly convinced that the Island of Hong Kong will not be yielded up, and if it suited the purposes or character of Her Majesty’s Government to accept it under any such modification as would save the appearance of its formal cession, and declaration were made that we were satisfied with that extent of territorial possession, they would be well content to adjust affairs at once.公仔箱論壇. p3 a3 y& |& @3 z
發表於 2016-1-27 02:09 AM
| 
公仔箱論壇( p& H/ x/ N$ Y% [' V% K; { }
9 O3 L* g: X2 [( O% J, K) h
' Q2 X. H9 @# s* L8 `3 p" [/ Z6 Z: z
; a, b% h- r, R* t4 f; r" V! o! d* S