“Her Majesty’s plenipotentiary has now to announce the conclusion of preliminary arrangements between the imperial commissioner and himself involving the following conditions: : ?/ ]# `' E( B* o- ~2 n4 k
The cession of the island and harbour of Hongkong to the British crown. All just charges and duties tot the empire upon the commerce carried on there to be paid as if the trade were conducted at Whampoa.
An indemnity to the British government of six millions of dollars, on million payable at once, remainder in equal annual instalments ending in 1846.
Direct official intercourse between the countries upon equal footing.
The trade of the port of Canton to be opened within ten further arrangements are practicable at the new settlement."
3 U2 F0 Z) w; T9 Ywww2.tvboxnow.com公仔箱論壇" H1 w, j) [/ n9 p
為証明自己是公正無私的文明國家,並要迫使不文明國家遵循他們的價值觀和法理規範來行事,以維護其特權和利益,在 18 世紀初,國際法著作便成為這種擴張主義的白手套。而國際法作者的國藉,便顯得尤其關鍵 – 列強爭相出版國際法。而當中的焦點,便是那個國家更有資格代表普世價值。因此, 19 世紀最著名的國際法著作,1836年分別在倫敦和費城出版的《Elements of International Law》(中譯為《國際法原理》),能夠在 1864 年由美國傳教士丁韙良 (W. A. P. Martin, 1827-1916) 翻譯為漢語版《萬國公法》,美國政府對翻譯的推動,包括時任中國海關稅務司司長赫德 (Sir Robert Hart, 1835-1911) 的支持,實在不可或缺 [7] 。因此,當時國際法的約束力,較為適用於列強間的秩序維繫和利益分配,多於對國際間的無限擴張。www2.tvboxnow.com' r% d9 e1 s8 `3 S, K: C
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在過去一個多世紀,世界各地在國際法和平條約的領土割讓實例中,一般劃分為因征服而割讓 (subjugation) ,和因條約 (treaty) 買賣而割讓兩種,而兩者均必須以條約為法律依據。那麼,條約基於什麼條件才產生法律效力?《國際法原理》第二章第五節中指出,有效的條約必須首先由君主賦予全權的代表,在達成協議之後,雙方代表簽署才能正式生效 [8] : ) w: \& z' G& {7 J公仔箱論壇
As to other public treaties: in order to enable a public minister or other diplomatic agent to conclude and sign a treaty with the government to which he is accredited, he must be furnished with a full power, independent of his general letter of credence. Grotius, and after him Puffendorf, consider treaties and conventions, thus negotiated and signed, as binding upon the sovereign in whose name they are concluded, in the same manner as any other contract made by a duly authorised agent binds his principal according to the general rules of civil jurisprudence.4 B% j) h' e6 T2 u( _5 g
關於代理君主的大臣之職權,文中寫道: % R! l" d% p r1 P% Uwww2.tvboxnow.com
the sovereign is bound by the acts of his ambassadors, within the limits of his patent full-power, although the latter may have transcended or violated his secret instruction. But if the minister exceed his authority, or undertake to treat points not contained in his full-power and instructions, the sovereign is fully justified in delaying, or even refusing his ratification.公仔箱論壇* U3 x, K) B: E
before a sovereign can honourably refuse to ratify that which has been concluded in virtue of a full power, he must have strong and solid reasons, and, in particular, he must show that his minister has deviated from his instruction. / X/ {8 M; W( V$ P a! K6 K
另外,《國際法原理》第四節又指出,假如全權代表擅自立約,在沒有得到君主准許或授權的情況下作出超越其權力的約定或承諾,最終仍必須得到(君主)的准許:公仔箱論壇$ L1 }9 a2 i* }! Q, P% Z
Such acts or engagements, which made without authority, or exceeding the limits of the authority under which they purport to be made, are called Sponions. These convention must be confirmed by express or tacit ratification., P& I! T! {# n3 e2 j- [2 @: j! F1 t
此外,假如條約中包含了領土割讓,還需要得到被割讓一方的同意 [9] :0 m. W' _0 i0 Y5 D* n# X1 U
the assent of the chambers, clothed with the forms of a legislative act, is considered essential to the ultimate validity of a treaty ceding any portion of the national territory.- ]8 R% [3 Y1 r& ^: ~( K0 {' N
By the general principles of private jurisprudence, recognized by most, if not all, CIVILIZED COUNTRIES, a contract obtained by violence is void. Freedom of consent to the validity of every agreement, and contracts obtained under duress are void, because the general welfare of society requires that they should be so.(大寫為筆者所加) # N0 \% @- E. H8 f9 PTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。
Her Majesty’s plenipotentiary has now to announce the conclusion of preliminary arrangements between the imperial commissioner and himself involving the following conditions:www2.tvboxnow.com! A* F" e3 z! z, Z! Q0 L
The cession of the island and harbour of Hongkong to the British crown. All just charges and duties tot the empire upon the commerce carried on there to be paid as if the trade were conducted at Whampoa.
An indemnity to the British government of six millions of dollars, on million payable at once, remainder in equal annual instalments ending in 1846.
Direct official intercourse between the countries upon equal footing.
The trade of the port of Canton to be opened within ten further arrangements are practicable at the new settlement.
根據草約所指,義律與琦善已達成「達成初步安排」 "the conclusion of preliminary arrangements between the imperial commissioner and himself" 。然而,這個「達成初步安排」的文據究竟是什麼呢?在義律發佈公吿後的第六天,即1841年1月26日英軍佔領香港這天,伯麥照會大鵬協副將賴恩爵,內容如下 [2] :tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb: {' w5 n* A5 {0 u
照得本國公使大臣義,與欽差大臣爵閣部堂琦,說定諸事,議將香港等處全島地方,讓給英國主掌,已在文據在案。是該島現系歸屬大英國王治下地方,應請貴官,速將該島全處所有貴國官兵撤回 ; |: c. `* j7 Dtvb now,tvbnow,bttvb
Bremer, Commander-in-chief, and Elliot, Plenipotentiary, etc., by this proclamation make know to the inhabitant of the island of Hongkong, that that island has now become part of the dominions of the Queen of England by clear public agreement between the High Officers of the Celestial and British Courts….. # \# \4 m j2 W' p/ }5 a
The island of Hongkong having been ceded to the British Crown under the seal of the Imperial Minister and High Commissioner Keshen, it has become necessary to provide the Government thereof, pending Her Majesty’s pleasure…… / V4 p1 u M* M: g& ?' r* x- f! @tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb
兩份公告目的在於曉喻香港居民,英國已經成為香港的新統治者。即便如此,民眾亦毋需惶恐,因為中國傳統禮儀習俗、宗教儀式、風俗習慣等個人權利不但會繼續保留,而且基於引入一種華洋分治,一島兩制的二元化法律體系 (a dual legal system) ,即華人將繼續依從中國法律及習慣,英國及其他各國人士則接受英國法的統治 [4] 。 0 |$ S: s7 B! B( f' FTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。根據中國社會科學院研究員劉存寛教授,在其著作《香港史論叢》第二章<英國強佔香港島與所謂「穿鼻條約」>中指出,這兩份公告的基礎,是以 1 月 20 日的通知為依據。換言之, 2 月 1 日公告中的 "clear public agreement between the High Officers of the Celestial and British Courts" ,和義律 2 月 2 日公告中所指的 "The island of Hongkong having been ceded to the British Crown under the seal of the Imperial Minister and High Commissioner Keshen" ,都是以義律在通知中的「達成初步安排」為依據。而這個有「達成」「安排」的「文據」,便是琦善在《穿鼻草約》蓋上的關防。 + d& i1 d- L7 \( [0 u公仔箱論壇1 U4 H* }9 }5 e
可是,這兩份極重要的公告中,存在三個問題: 1 b) o+ `5 e$ n6 k `0 dwww2.tvboxnow.com
照得貴大臣爵閣部堂二十六日來文,均已閲悉。現在事事既已說定,本公使大臣全賴貴大臣爵閣部堂誠信,知必如議,於二十一年正月初旬以內,就行開港貿易,茲備公文,咨會佰統師,請即讓還沙角、大角等處。所有兵船軍師,撤退九龍所近之香港島地駐剳,並請將日前所獲貴國舟師等船,一俟貴大臣爵閣部堂派弁。」 % |$ K' j% D+ c H* ltvb now,tvbnow,bttvb
香港是如何開埠?(三)巴麥尊否定草約的什麼? 1 E# m* N3 i8 Z4 g+ I$ v9 v2 P2 Ywww2.tvboxnow.com2 [: [8 R f$ f
TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。3 [7 T" A; l# D
: Z8 h# m& n& ` E, {, RTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 - h; F' y: h" E1 ^/ N圖為巴麥尊) D1 h' |$ e; B/ P3 n @3 ~6 \# ?7 o$ v
! y: g0 w+ G+ v0 m# H7 Jtvb now,tvbnow,bttvb上篇《心態篇》為分析琦善有否割讓香港的最後一篇。此篇,筆者會探討,究竟為什麼巴麥尊會否定草約,而他否定的又是什麼。www2.tvboxnow.com+ K b0 N8 F3 [2 y: x4 q( f7 G
關於《穿鼻草約》的認受性,英國外交大臣巴麥尊,即義律的頂頭上司表示懷疑。在得悉義律在 1841 年 1 月 20 日所發出關於與他和琦善就割讓香港所達成協議的公告後,巴麥尊於三個月後的 4 月 21 日給義律炒魷的致函中,否定義律的「所謂協議」 [1] :7 O# L1 G4 H. O i1 l
You have obtained the Cession of Hong Kong, a barren Island with hardly a House upon it; and even this Cession as it is called, seems to me, from the conditions with which it is clogged, not to be a cession of the Sovereignty of the Island, which could only be made by the signature of the Emperor, but to be a permission to us to make a Settlement there, upon the same footing on which the Portuguese have an establishment at Macao. 6 L6 ?7 ~7 s' E7 l2 V1 Htvb now,tvbnow,bttvb
另外,再於 5 月 14 日致函義律的第九號文件中,巴麥尊詳細重申一遍他否定協議和公告的原因 [2] :7 v, h+ v5 J/ Z m" L
With reference to the Proclamation which has appeared in the Newspapers of this Country, issued by you to Her Majesty’s Subjects in China, in which you declare the Island of Hong Kong to be annexed forever tot the British dominions, I have to observe to you that no part of the Territory belonging to one Sovereign can be ceded and made over to another Sovereign, except by a formal Treaty, ratified by the Sovereign by whom the cession is made, and that no Subject has the power to alienate any portion of the territory of his Sovereign. Consequently, the agreement made by Keshen that Hong Kong should be ceded to the British Crown, EVEN IF THAT AGREEMENT HAS BEEN RECORDED IN THE FORMAL SHAPE OF A TREATY, would have been of NO VALUE or force until it had been ratified by The Emperor of China. Your Proclamation was therefore ENTIRELY PREMATURE, inasmuch as it does not appear that any formal Treaty for the cession of Hong Kong had been signed between you and Keshen; and that all events, it is certain that at the time when you issued your Proclamation, no such Treaty, even if signed by Keshen, had been ratified by the Emperor.(大寫為筆者所加) 1 R( j2 e2 }, g. N- j4 [* e. eTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。
In ignorance of Captain Elliot’s proposals of Jan 8, 1841, it is impossible to state clearly what was agreed to on this point; but it would appear that the Island of Hong Kong had been ceded as a place of settlement; clogged, however, with a condition that all duties are to be paired there in the same manner as they have hitherto been paid at Whampoa; that is (it is presumed) that they should be assessed and collected at Hong Kong by Chinese officers. In fact, IT DOES NOT CLEARLY APPEAR THAT HONG KONG IS CEDED TO GREAT BRITAIN IN ABSOLUTE SOVEREIGNTY.(大寫為筆者所加) ( x/ |$ D; [5 [6 R
雙方君主批准為條約效力的必要條件,而且即使琦善蓋了關防,最終還是要大皇帝「再蓋公印」作實。對於條約簽署的這些正式程序,義律似乎很清楚。公仔箱論壇2 M! {( u! x) h2 j
然而,基於當時中英兩國的書信往來都是透過船運,往來兩地的書信一般需時六個月才能送達。因此,假如義律在香港有任何重大決定而英國要作出即時干預,技術上來說基本上是不可行。換言之,義律 1 月與琦善達成的「協議」,基本上有大約半年時間可作追加確認。www2.tvboxnow.com! C) s& K _2 N
F.O., London, April 21, 1841, Lord Palmerston to captain Elliot, R.N, 《International relation of the Chinese empire》, H.B. Morse, p.642. 7 r, b' j6 Z; k: i. X1 qtvb now,tvbnow,bttvb另有中文譯文:公仔箱論壇/ j+ ^+ v+ n+ F5 ^) `
「你已經爭得香港的割讓,一處連一所房子都難找到的荒島;甚至這一種所謂的割讓,據我看,由於受種種條件的牽制,也不是一種非經皇帝簽署才能辦到的島嶼主權的割讓,而只是我們在那裏建一居留區的一種許可,其地位是同葡萄牙人在澳門所有的那一種制度一樣。」 c/ U2 [7 a9 k+ p }, w6 Iwww2.tvboxnow.com《中華帝國對外關係史》,第一卷,馬士著,第 728 頁。
F.O., London, May 14, 1841, Lord Palmerston to captain Elliot, R.N, 《International relation of the Chinese empire》, H.B. Morse, p.647. 4 B4 M& p% y- C& e$ o3 t% e公仔箱論壇另有中文譯文:www2.tvboxnow.com) m, s+ t$ K" t& z# u
「除非是通過一項由進行割讓的君主所批准的正式條約,沒有一部份屬於一位君主的領土,能割讓予和轉讓給另一位君主,並且沒有一個臣民有權把他君主的領土任何部分割讓與人。因此,琦善所作的把香港割讓予英國君主的協議,縱使該恊議已經寫成一個條約的正式形式,但在中國皇帝予以批准之前,也不會有任何價值或效力的。在你和琦善之間,對於割讓香港一節,并不象是簽訂了任何正式條約,而已無論如何,我們可斷言在你發布通告的當時,這種條約即使經過琦善簽字,也絕不是已經由皇帝批准的,因此你的通告全然是為時太早。」www2.tvboxnow.com) M" s# C" v* V" N; n
《中華帝國對外關係史》,第一卷,馬士著,第 735 頁。
STATEMENT, B. DEMANDS 4, 《International relation of the Chinese empire》, H.B. Morse, p. 646.
The government of China is perfectly convinced that the Island of Hong Kong will not be yielded up, and if it suited the purposes or character of Her Majesty’s Government to accept it under any such modification as would save the appearance of its formal cession, and declaration were made that we were satisfied with that extent of territorial possession, they would be well content to adjust affairs at once.www2.tvboxnow.com' G8 G% i9 a: U